<p>Tomb KV42 is an ancient Egyptian tomb located in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. It was constructed for Hatshepsut-Meryetre, the wife of Thutmose III, but she was not buried in the tomb. It was reused by Sennefer, a mayor of Thebes during the reign of Amenhotep II, and by several members of his family. The tomb has a cartouche-shaped burial chamber, like other early Eighteenth Dynasty tombs.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and early use of the tomb</h2><br>
<p>There is no agreement on the original owner of the tomb. The unfinished quartzite sarcophagus is seen as an indication that the tomb may have at some point been intended for Thutmosis II.</p><br>
<h2>Sennefer and Senetnay</h2><br>
<p>KV 42 has been associated with the burials of Sennefer and his wife Senetnay since Howard Carter reported the finds of a complete set of canopic jars belonging to Senetnay in 1901. Lids of other canopic jars depicting a bearded man were thought to belong to Sennefer. Further items belonging to a royal ornament named Baketre.</p><br>
<p>Roehrig proposed that Senetnay was buried elsewhere and re-interred in KV 42, possibly as late as the 21st dynasty.</p><br>
<p>Dionysos  is a town and a municipality in northeastern Attica, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Agios Stefanos.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Dionysos is situated on the northeastern slopes of the forested Penteliko Mountains. It is 5 km south of Agios Stefanos, 9 km west of Nea Makri, on the Aegean Sea coast, and 18 km northeast of Athens city centre. Its built-up area is continuous with those of the neighbouring suburbs Drosia and Rodopoli to the northwest. Even though the town is located only 20 Kilometres away from central Athens, it has a completely different climate, with weather being significantly cooler, including frequent snowfall during the winter.</p><br>
<p>Motorway 1 (Athens - Lamia - Thessaloniki) and the railway from Athens to Thessaloniki pass through the western part of the municipality, near Agios Stefanos. There is a railway station at Agios Stefanos. Dionysos is connected to Kifisia by the 536 Dionysos-Kifisia bus service.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Dionysos was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 7 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Agios Stefanos</p><br>
<p>Anoixi</p><br>
<p>Dionysos</p><br>
<p>Drosia</p><br>
<p>Kryoneri</p><br>
<p>Rodopoli</p><br>
<p>Stamata</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 69.360 km, the municipal unit 21.410 km.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The town was known by the Arvanitika name Tzamali (Τζαμάλη) up until 1928 when it was renamed Dionysos. The modern name of this small town on the north-east slopes of Mount Pendeli dates back to time immemorial, because this was the first demos (town) in ancient Attica (the province of which Athens is the major city) to welcome the young god Dionysos, ancient Greek god of vegetation, wine, and theatre.</p><br>
<p>The local myth is told by several ancient writers: Athenaios, Hyginos, Apollodoros, and Nonnos. In this green valley thousands of years ago, the local leader Icarius of Athens and his lovely daughter Erigone welcomed a young stranger into their home, offering him fresh goat’s milk as well as food and shelter. Moved by their warm hospitality, the stranger revealed to them that he was actually a god, Dionysos, son of Zeus (king of the gods) and Semele (a princess of Thebes). In order to thank them, Dionysos gave Ikarios the first grape vine and taught him the art of wine making.</p><br>
<p>Delighted with this wonderful drink which brought happiness and drowned sorrows, Ikarios filled several goatskin bags with wine and traveled around the countryside sharing the new drink with the local inhabitants. Unfortunately, some shepherds on Mount Pendeli drank too much of the magic drink, ‘unwatered’, and began to feel dizzy and see double. They suspected that Ikarios had poisoned them, and in their drunken state, they killed him.</p><br>
<p>When they awoke the next day and found Ikarios dead, they realized their terrible mistake. Fearfully they buried his body under a pine tree and ran away, some say to the island of Kea. The only witness to this crime was Erigone’s little dog, Maera, who ran home howling and pulled Erigone to the spot where her father had been buried and scratched at the soil. Realizing that her father was dead, Erigone fell into a deep depression and hung herself from a branch of the pine tree. Before she died, she or the god Dionysos called down a curse on the young women of Attika, that they should suffer the same fate as she had. The people of Athens were horrified when they began to find their daughters hanged from trees here and there and, ignorant of the cause, they appealed to the oracle of the god Apollo at Delphi to explain the deaths. The oracle directed them to find and properly bury the bodies of Ikarios and Erigone, and to track down and punish the murderers. Furthermore, the people were instructed to sacrifice the first grapes harvested every year to the memory of Ikarios and celebrate the ‘Αιωρα’ festival in honour of Erigone, when the young maidens would swing on swings under the trees and sing a song called the ‘αλητη’.</p><br>
<p>Out of this first tragic contact between the god Dionysos and the people of Attika, there arose the earliest Dioysiac worship, in the deme called Ikaria or Ikarion, the present day village of Dionysos. The local inhabitants continued to worship Dionysos for centuries in a festival which included drinking and feasting, singing and dancing, and parading round the village with a goat to sacrifice. In the 6th century BC, a local man named Thespis combined many of these elements into a new form of worshipful entertainment which he created, Τραγωοιδια or Tragedy. Every year in the month Poseidonia (early winter), the Ikarians would host the drama festival, "Τα Εν Αγροις Διονυσια’ (Rural Dionysia) to honour their favourite god, Dionysos. They even remembered the local heroes of the myth by putting them in the sky as constellations: Ikarios was the star Arcturus in the constellation Bootes, Erigone was Virgo, and Maera was the Lesser Dog Star, Procyon.</p><br>
<p>Although the deme of Ikaria was most famous for its worship of Dionysos, it was also well known for the high quality white marble quarried there, a reputation which it maintains even today. During the 5th and 4th centuries BC, all of Attika was divided into approximately 170 demes (villages), each of which sent one or more Βουλευτες (representatives) to the Βουλη (Council) of 500 to govern on a daily basis. The demes were then grouped into τριττυες, which in turn were combined to make ten Attic tribes based solely on a man’s residence, not any social status. Ikaria was such a large deme that it sent five (5) representatives annually to the Council of 500, and it belonged to the tribe Αεγεις, named after the Attic hero Aegeus who also gave his name to the Aegean Sea.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological site, to the left of Odos Bomou Dionysou heading towards Rapendosa in Dionysos, was the town center (εδρα) of ancient Ikarion and has many interesting features even today. To begin with, this spot was always associated with the name Dionysos and never lost its sacred nature. When worship of the ancient god ceased, a small Byzantine Christian church was built in the sanctuary and, as far as is known, it was dedicated to Saint Dionysios. It was rebuilt in the Middle Ages, but when Greece became a free nation once again (1821), it was already a ruin, destroyed during the Turkish occupation (1456-1821).</p><br>
<p>In 1886, a German traveler A. Milchhofer passed by and observed many ancient marble blocks built into the walls of the ruined Byzantine chapel. He notified Dr. Merriam,the director of the newly formed American School of Classical Studies and excavations began on the site in January 1888 under the archaeologist Carl. D. Buck. Within weeks the site was securely identified as the center of the ancient deme of Ikarion, for the church walls yielded fragments of statues, inscriptions, and architectural elements from various buildings, all made of the local marble and dating from the classical period (5th and 4th century BC) and earlier. Among the most impressive finds are the cult statue of the god Dionysos himself, a superb marble work showing the god larger than life size seated on his throne holding his characteristic Boeotian kantharos drinking cup, and a marble relief stele of a ‘hoplite’ warrior which resembles the ‘Marathon Warrior’ stele and was used as the threshold stone for the church doorway. Both these treasures date from the end of the 6th century BC and are now on display in the archaic collection in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. Even more information was provided by the many 4th-century BC inscriptions and choregic monuments discovered during two seasons of excavations. Of greatest interest was the large public marble stele (IG ii2 1178) which praised "the mayor (Nikon by name) and crowned him with Ivy (the plant of Dionysos) voted upon by the deme of the Ikarians, because he had fairly and justly carried out the Dionysiac festival" (a yearly drama contest). The stele goes on to praise the sponsors of the winning play as well. Because the sponsors who paid all the costs of producing the ancient plays for the contest were called ‘choregoi’, the monuments with their winning inscriptions are called choregic monuments. The existence of this and other choregic inscription steles verifies the identification of our site as the classical demos of Ikaria, and confirms as well the town’s reputation as host of the yearly "Dionysia" theatrical contests, where plays by the famous 5th-century BC dramatists Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were produced again and again alongside newer plays, thus assuring the "classical education" of all those who attended the festivals.</p><br>
<p>Pieces of sculpture and inscriptions are protected in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. Following the slope of the hill was the seating area where the spectators at the ancient Dionysia sat to watch the plays taking place in the oblong orchestral area below, now defined by four fragments of marble thrones (K) for the priests at the bottom of the slope, and a row of stones (O) which supported the tent (σκηνη) behind which the actors changed, which also stood as the backdrop for the ‘orchestra’ (dance floor) where all acting took place. This theatrical area is downwards to the right as we enter the site from the modern road. To the left of the orchestra there is a large base (I) made of large and small slabs of marble set in the ground; This may be the base of the altar of the god Dionysos which always stood near or in an ancient theatre. Another possibility is that it was the altar of Apollo, whose temple (H) stood just to the left and is positively identified by its threshold block, a huge piece of marble inscribed ΙΚΑΡΙΩΝ ΤΟ ΠΥΘΙΟΝ, or ‘The Temple of Apollo of the Ikarians’. Just in front stand many bases for votive offerings (statues and inscriptions dedicated to the god) and inside the one room temple stands the base of the cult statue of Apollo, of which no trace has been found.</p><br>
<p>On the lower level of the site are the rest of the ancient foundations: to the left are the remains of the sanctuary wall (περιβολος)(E), in the center are two large marble bases (B&C)in front of a rectangular building(D), possibly for the cult statue and altar of Dionysos in front of his temple (no conclusive evidence), while to the right is a fairly well preserved foundation of a semi-circular choregic monument(A) dedicated by three sponsors (Αγνιας, Ξανθιππος, Ξανθιδης) whose play won in the Dionysia sometime in the first half of the 4th century BC. This monument was used for the apse of the Byzantine chapel which Milchofer found in ruins; a double throne from the theatre had also been brought over to provide seats outside the chapel door and it still stands there.</p><br>
<p>Considerable damage and weathering has occurred in the more than 100 years since the site was excavated, and a concerted effort by the Greek Archaeological Service is now getting under way to preserve and protect what remains on the site.</p><br>
<h2>Τhe Dionysia festival</h2><br>
<p>Dionysos hosts an annual open summer festival usually every July, featuring art exhibitions, theatrical performances, musical shows, sculpture painting and other arts.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The public library of Dionysos is located in the town hall, includes over 3500 books available to registered residents to borrow for free. It is run by local volunteers.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Thespis (6th century BC) actor</p><br>
<p>Cahaba, also spelled Cahawba, was the first permanent state capital of Alabama from 1820 to 1825, and county seat of Dallas County, Alabama until 1866. It suffered a major flood in 1865 and the state legislature moved the county seat to Selma, which was better situated.</p><br>
<p>The former settlement is now a ghost town and state historic site. The site is located southwest of Selma, at the confluence of the Alabama and Cahaba rivers, which made it prone to seasonal flooding.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Cahawba was listed on the 1860-1880 USA Censuses. Although it remained incorporated until as late as 1989, it did not show up on the census rolls after 1880.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Capital</h3><br>
<p>Cahaba had its beginnings as an undeveloped town site at the confluence of the Alabama and Cahaba rivers. At the old territorial capital of St. Stephens, a commission was formed on February 13, 1818 to select the site for Alabamas state capital. Cahaba was the site chosen and was approved on November 21, 1818. Due to the future capital site being undeveloped, Alabamas constitutional convention took temporary accommodations in Huntsville until a statehouse could be built.</p><br>
<p>Governor William Wyatt Bibb reported in October 1819 that the town had been laid out and that lots would be auctioned to the highest bidders. The town was planned on a grid system, with streets running north and south named for trees and those running east and west named for famous men. The new statehouse was a two-story brick structure, measuring 40 ft wide by 58 ft long. By 1820 Cahaba had become a functioning state capital.</p><br>
<p>Cahabas low elevation at the confluence of two large rivers resulted in seasonal flooding and a reputation for having an unhealthy atmosphere. A major flood struck the town in 1825, causing a portion of the statehouse to collapse. People who were opposed to the capitals location at Cahaba used this as an argument for moving the capital to Tuscaloosa, which was approved by the legislature in January 1826.</p><br>
<h3>Antebellum</h3><br>
<p>The town would remain the county seat of Dallas County for several more decades. The town eventually recovered from losing the capital and reestablished itself as a social and commercial center. Centered in the fertile "Black Belt", Cahaba became a major distribution point for cotton shipped down the Alabama River to the port of Mobile. The addition of a railroad line in 1859 triggered a building boom in Cahaba. On the eve of the American Civil War, the town had more than 3,000 residents.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, the Confederate government seized Cahabas railroad and appropriated the iron rails to extend a nearby railroad of more military importance. It built a stockade around a large cotton warehouse on the riverbank along Arch Street in order to use it as a prison, known as Castle Morgan. It was used for prisoners of war from 1863 to 1865. In February 1865 a flood inundated the town, causing much additional hardship for the roughly 3000 Union soldiers held in the prison, and for the towns citizens. Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest and Union General James H. Wilson met in Cahaba at the Crocheron mansion to discuss an exchange of prisoners captured during the Battle of Selma.</p><br>
<h3>Postbellum</h3><br>
<p>In 1866, the state legislature moved the county seat to nearby Selma, with businesses and families soon following. Within ten years, many of the houses and churches in Cahaba were dismantled and moved away. During the Reconstruction era, freedmen organizing in the Republican Party and for other political purposes met regularly at the vacant courthouse. A new rural community of freedmen and their families gradually replaced the old urban center. These families developed the vacant town blocks into fields and garden plots. Soon, this community had largely moved on.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the turn of the 20th century, a freedman purchased most of the old town site for $500. He had the abandoned buildings demolished for their building materials and shipped the material by steamboat to Mobile and Selma.</p><br>
<h3>Modern</h3><br>
<p>Although the area is no longer inhabited, the Alabama Historical Commission maintains Cahaba as a state historic site and as an important archaeological site. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Visitors to this park can still see many of the abandoned streets, cemeteries, and ruins of this former state capital and county seat.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>The town, and later its abandoned site, was the setting for many ghost stories during the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the most widely known is that of a ghostly orb in a now-vanished garden maze at the home of C. C. Pegues. The house was located on a lot that occupied a block between Pine and Chestnut streets. The purported haunting was recorded with “Specter in the Maze at Cahaba” in 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>George Henry Craig, born in Cahaba, former USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Anderson Crenshaw, former Alabama judge</p><br>
<p>Edward Martineau Perine, merchant and planter; owner of Perine Mansion on Vine Street</p><br>
<p>Mazinaw Lake is a lake in the Addington Highlands north of Kaladar in Eastern Ontario. The lake is situated on the upper Mississippi River. It has a perimeter of 49 km and averages 41 m in depth with a maximum depth of 145 m, making it the second deepest lake in Southern Ontario besides the Great Lakes. There is a narrows which divides the lake into two sections: South Mazinaw, and North Mazinaw, with North Mazinaw being larger and deeper.</p><br>
<p>Bon Echo Provincial Park encompasses the central section of the lake, including the narrows between North and South Mazinaw and the Mazinaw Rock formation. The lakes name comes from Mazinaabikinigan-zaagaigan, meaning "painted-image lake" in Algonkian, referring to the pictographs on Mazinaw Rock which overlooks the lake. The Mazinaw Rock, located on the eastern side of North Mazinaw, features over 260 native pictographs- often confused with petroglyphs – the largest visible collection in Canada - including the Ojibwa trickster figure and culture hero, Nanabush. The rock also contains a tribute to Walt Whitman, inscribed for Flora MacDonald Denison, who ran the Bon Echo Inn on the site of the provincial park during the 1910s.</p><br>
<p>A dam is located at the outflow of the lake to maintain the level of the lake and to control water flow into the Mississippi River during the spring runoff time.</p><br>
<p>Mink can be spotted along the northern shores of the lake.</p><br>
<p>QV66 is the tomb of Nefertari, the Great Wife of Pharaoh Ramesses II, in Egypts Valley of the Queens. It was discovered by Ernesto Schiaparelli  in 1904. It is called the Sistine Chapel of Ancient Egypt. Nefertari, which means "beautiful companion", was Ramesses IIs favorite wife; he went out of his way to make this obvious, referring to her as "the one for whom the sun shines" in his writings, built the Temple of Hathor to idolize her as a deity, and commissioned portraiture wall paintings. In the Valley of the Queens, Nefertaris tomb once held the mummified body and representative symbolisms of her, like what most Egyptian tombs consisted of. Now, everything had been looted except for two thirds of the 5,200 square feet of wall paintings. For what still remains, these wall paintings characterized Nefertaris character. Her face was given a lot of attention to emphasize her beauty, especially the shape of her eyes, the blush of her cheeks, and her eyebrows. Some paintings were full of lines and color of red, blue, yellow, and green that portrayed exquisite directions to navigating through the afterlife to paradise.</p><br>
<h2>Decoration and layout</h2><br>
<p>A flight of steps cut out of the rock gives access to the antechamber, which is decorated with paintings based on Chapter 17 of the Book of the Dead. This astronomical ceiling represents the heavens and is painted in dark blue, with a myriad of golden five-pointed stars. The east wall of the antechamber is interrupted by a large opening flanked by representation of Osiris at left and Anubis at right; this in turn leads to the side chamber, decorated with offering scenes, preceded by a vestibule in which the paintings portray Nefertari being presented to the gods who welcome her. On the north wall of the antechamber is the stairway that goes down to the burial chamber. This latter is a vast quadrangular room covering a surface area about 90 square meters, the astronomical ceiling of which is supported by four pillars entirely covered with decoration. Originally, the queen&#39;s red granite sarcophagus lay in the middle of this chamber. According to religious doctrines of the time, it was in this chamber, which the ancient Egyptians called the "golden hall" that the regeneration of the deceased took place. This decorative pictogram of the walls in the burial chamber drew inspirations from chapters 144 and 146 of the Book of the Dead: in the left half of the chamber, there are passages from chapter 144 concerning the gates and doors of the kingdom of Osiris, their guardians, and the magic formulas that had to be uttered by the deceased in order to go past the doors.</p><br>
<p>The tomb itself is primarily focused on the Queen’s life and on her death.</p><br>
<p>Of the wall full of paintings, the "Queen playing Draughts" is a portrayal of Nefertari playing the game of Senet. A whole entire wall was dedicated to show the Queen at play, demonstrating the importance of the game of Senet. Interpretations have lead a physical boardgames of Senet may have possibly been stolen, along with the body and other symbolic images of Nefertari. Nefertari may have been very clever, and possibly have been a writer in her lifetime. ^4 This can be alluded because of a painting in the tomb of Nefertari coming before the god of writing and literacy to proclaim her title as a scribe. Nefertari lived an elegant life on earth, and she is also promised an elegant afterlife. Chapter 17 of the Book of the Dead, which tells a spell for the Queen, is inscripted on the tomb. This spell is supposed to guide Nefertari on how to transform into a ba, which is a bird. For Nefertari to become a bird in the afterlife, it is promised freedom to move around.</p><br>
<p>Ramesses’ affection for his wife, as written on her tomb&#39;s walls, shows clearly that Egyptian queens were not simply marriages of convenience or marriages designed to accumulate greater power and alliances, but, in some cases at least, were actually based around some kind of emotional attachment. Also poetry written by Ramesses about his dead wife is featured on some of the walls of her burial chamber. ("My love is unique — no one can rival her, for she is the most beautiful woman alive. Just by passing, she has stolen away my heart.") Nefertari’s origins are unknown except that it is thought that she was a member of the nobility, although while she was queen her brother Amenmose held the position of Mayor of Thebes.</p><br>
<p>By contemporary standards, the real value of the paintings found within the tomb is that they are the best preserved and most detailed source of the ancient Egyptian’s journey towards the afterlife. The tomb features several extracts from the Book of the Dead from chapters 148, 94, 146, 17 and 144 and tells of all the ceremonies and tests taking place from the death of Nefertari up until the end of her journey, depicted on the door of her burial chamber, in which Nefertari is reborn and emerges from the eastern horizon as a sun disc, forever immortalized in victory over the world of darkness.</p><br>
<p>The details of the ceremonies concerning the afterlife also tell us much about the duties and roles of many major and minor gods during the reign of the 19th Dynasty in the New Kingdom. Gods mentioned on the tomb walls include Isis, Osiris, Anubis, Hathor, Neith, Serket, Ma&#39;at, Wadjet, Nekhbet, Amunet, Ra and Nephthys.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately by the time that Schiaparelli rediscovered Nefertari’s tomb it had already been found by tomb raiders, who had stolen all the treasure buried with the Queen, including her sarcophagus and mummy. Parts of the mummy&#39;s knees were found in the burial chamber, and were taken to the Egyptian Museum in Turin by Schiaparelli, where they are still kept today.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>The tomb was closed to the public in 1950 because of various problems that threatened the paintings, which are considered to be the best preserved and most eloquent decorations of any Egyptian burial site, found on almost every available surface in the tomb, including stars painted thousands of times on the ceiling of the burial chamber on a blue background to represent the sky.</p><br>
<p>After the discovery of the tomb, scientists have found many deteriorated paintings caused by water damage, bacterial growth, salt formation, and recently, the humidity of visitors breath. The tombs structure set itself to be vulnerable to destruction. In 1986, an operation to restore all the paintings within the tomb and to replace over 3,000 years worth of dust and soot with pasted paper to the fragile walls and ceilings to preserve the paintings was embarked upon by the Egyptian Antiquities Organisation and the Getty Conservation Institute; however, work did not begin on the actual restoration until 1988 which was completed in April 1992. ^5 Upon completion of the restoration work, Egyptian authorities decided to severely restrict public access to the tomb in order to preserve the delicate paintings found within. This restoration process lasted until 1990, when scientists decided to conceal the tomb from visitors. 5 years later, Egypt&#39;s Prime Minister, Hisham Zazao declared the tomb to be reopened to visitors, 150 visitors at a time. After a short 11 years, the tomb was restricted to visitors once again, except for private tours. Even until today, the Getty Conservation Institute monitors the tomb regularly.</p><br>
<p>Originally called the International Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary , what is now known as the Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals is a Marine Protected Area aimed at the protection of marine mammals . It covers an area of approximately 84,000 km², comprising the waters between Toulon , Capo Falcone , Capo Ferro  and Fosso Chiarone .</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary is located in the Ligurian basin of the Mediterranean Sea. In this area all the cetaceans occurring in the Mediterranean can be found at regular intervals. It is believed to be the main feeding ground for Fin Whales in the Mediterranean basin.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary was established on 25 November 1999 and is the first (and currently the only) international / High Seas MPA in the world covering areas of the Mediterranean seas of France, Italy, and the Principality of Monaco.</p><br>
<p>To underline the importance of the sanctuary, it has been added to the Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI) list of the 1999 Barcelona Convention.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Ballast Key is an island in the Florida Keys in Monroe County, Florida, United States. It is the southernmost point of land in the contiguous United States. It is also the only privately owned land within the boundaries of the Key West National Wildlife Refuge, and is being offered on the real estate market for US $15,800,000.</p><br>
<p>Located in the Outlying Islands of the Florida Keys, it is one of the Mule Keys that are nine miles (15 km) west of Key West. The island&#39;s 26 acre are privately owned by Key West developer David W. Wolkowsky through the David W. Wolkowsky Trust.</p><br>
<p>Ballast Key had a cameo appearance in the Bond movie Licence to Kill and it and Mr. Wolkowsky made the pages of the novel as well. "David, it&#39;s James, James Bond...I&#39;ve broken into your island. I hope you don&#39;t mind", reads a passage in the book. It is also used in the final scene of the 2015 science fiction thriller Self/less. Over the years, Wolkowsky has hosted numerous artists, writers and celebrities on Ballast Key, including Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote, Nancy Friday, Judy Blume, John Hersey, John Malcolm Brinnin, Richard Wilbur, Robert Stone, British Prime Minister Edward Heath, Prince Michael of Greece, Tony Richardson, Timothy Greenfield-Sanders, The Bee Gees, Gloria Estefan, Natica Waterbury, Lucius Beebe, Lady Caroline Blackwood, and an occasional Vanderbilt, Rockefeller, Mellon, and Duke.</p><br>
<p>Tennessee Williams often painted canvases while visiting David Wolkowsky on Ballast Key in the late 1970s and early 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Ballast Key features a main house with four bedrooms and a master suite, and a fully equipped three-bedroom guesthouse overlooking a palm tree-lined sand beach. Water is supplied to the homes by desalination.</p><br>
<p>Geojedo or Geoje Island  is the principal island of Geoje City, on the southern coast of Gyeongsangnam-do province, South Korea. It is joined to land by two bridges from nearby Tongyeong. Sinhyeon is the largest town on the island. The Busan-Geoje Fixed Link was open in December 2010 and provides a more direct connection to the city of Busan.</p><br>
<p>Geoje Island covers an area of 383.44 km&sup2, the second largest island in South Korea (second to Jeju Island). The landscape features several peaks: Gara (580 m), Gyerong (554.9 m), the skirmisher mountain (465.5 m), Daegeum (437.5 m) and Googsabong (400 m). Geojedo is known for its rich deposits of granite. The southern belt of Geojedo, together with part of Namhaedo in Namhae County, belongs to Hallyeo Maritime National Park.</p><br>
<p>Geoje Island features several natural harbors. Shipbuilding is the largest industry on the island. The second and third largest shipyards in South Korea are both located on the island, Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering (DSME) in the city of Okpo, and Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI) in the city of Gohyeon (Geoje City).</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Geojedo</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the Three Han States period (2300 B.C.), Geoje Island corresponded to one of the twelve states of Byeonhan (변한) state called Dokno 독로국(瀆盧國), and during the Shilla dynasty period (신라시대), King Gyeongdeok in 757 A.D. first started to use the name Geoje province "거제군" to refer to the island.</p><br>
<p>In the Korea and Joseon dynasty period, after the area called Giseong (기성현) was divided from Geoje 거제현 in 1914, the Geoje area was mistakenly called Tongyeong (통영군). During this period, the island was a strategic location between Japan and the Korean Peninsula, and therefore suffered invasion by the Japanese.</p><br>
<p>When the Japanese invaded Tongyeong in 1592, the Navy Headquarters of Three Provinces was established in Geoje which served as a command for many naval battles in the area. Included in these were the battle of May 1592; the ubiquitously famous General Lee Sunshin led Korean forces to a much celebrated naval victory at Okpo, Geoje Island (옥포해전), as well as on the 28th of July, 1592 at Gyeonnaeryang (견내량해전) also known as the Hansan Great victory(한산대첩). In the year 1597 the first and only naval defeat to the Japanese in Korean history took place at Chilcheon, Geoje (칠천량해전).</p><br>
<p>During the Korean War, UN Forces established the Geoje POW Camp in 1951 for captured North Koreans.</p><br>
<p>In 1953 Geoje province became independent, and in the early 1970s the shipbuilding industry began producing ships, and so the population grew tremendously. In 1995 Geoje finally had a large enough population to be classified as a Geoje city (거제시).</p><br>
<p>It is now becoming the location for the driving force of Korea&#39;s economic development, the shipbuilding industry.</p><br>
<p>Geoje is the hometown of the former president of Korea (1993–1998) Kim Young-sam.</p><br>
<p>It was the final port of call of the SS Meredith Victory at Christmastide 1950, when that ship evacuated some fourteen thousand North Korean civilians from Hungnam.</p><br>
<p>Geojedo was the birthplace of Chaeyeong Lee.</p><br>
<p>Rennell Island, locally known as Mugaba, is the main island of two inhabited islands that make up the Rennell and Bellona Province in the Solomon Islands. Rennell Island has a land area of 660 km&sup2; that is about 80 km long and 14 km wide. It is the second largest raised coral atoll in the world with the largest lake in the insular Pacific  that is listed as a World Heritage Site. Rennell Island has a population of about 1840 persons of Polynesian descent who primarily speak Rennellese, Pijin and some English. Rennell and Bellona Islands are two of the few islands in the Melanesian Solomon Island archipelago classified as a Polynesian outlier .</p><br>
<p>The island lies 236 km south of Honiara and 1,900 km north-east of Brisbane. The provincial capital, Tigoa, is at the western end of the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Between 2000 and 1600 BC, people belonging to the Lapita Culture made their appearance. Then by Lapita people about 1000 BC. The next settlement occurred on both Rennell and Bellona around 130 BC, with another major occupation in about 1000 AD.</p><br>
<p>Later settlement of Renbel occurred prior to 1400 AD by Polynesians from Uvea (now Wallis Island). Captain Butler of HMS Walpole discovered the islands in 1801, after discovering and naming Walpole Island in New Caledonia. In 1933 the Templeton Crocker Expedition discovered several endemic species on the islands. During the Pacific campaign of World War II Japanese Rufe floatplanes operated from Lake Tegano until American Catalinas used the lake as a base after 1943. The Battle of Rennell Island was the last major naval battle of the Guadacanal Campaign which occurred between 29 January 1943 and 30 January 1943. At the end of the war, eight Catalinas were scuttled in the lake and can be seen from the lake surface. The island was later visited by a series of Danish scientific expeditions.</p><br>
<p>The present-day inhabitants say their ancestors (Kaitu&#39;u) arrived around 1400AD from Ubea (now Wallis & Futuna Islands) and crossed the Pacific Ocean and settled on Rennell & Bellona Islands, in the Solomon Islands. One of the villages in Lake Tegano is called Hutuna which is the Rennellese interpretation of Wallis & Futuna</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The islands are of volcanic origin with basement rocks forming between the late Cretaceous and early Eocene. Tectonic movements raised the seabed to allow coral building. The whole Rennell area is thought to have been initially deposited as coralline algal limestone and then dolotomized. This dolomitic reef complex is overlain by younger undolotomized reef limestone. The island is the second largest upraised coral atoll in the world. It is largely unmodified and includes the largest lake in the South Pacific.</p><br>
<p>The island is about one hour&#39;s flight in a twin engine prop aircraft south of Honiara. It is almost totally surrounded by 120 to 150 m cliffs, with the eastern end dominated by a large lake, while the western end is relatively flat with rolling forested hills. One road, known as the Copperhead Road, traverses the length of the island from the Tigoa airstrip in the west to the Labagu port area in the south, with a branch heading east towards the lake.</p><br>
<p>Kangava Bay has beautiful white sands beach and coral reef which makes it good for snorkeling.</p><br>
<h3>Lake Tegano</h3><br>
<p>Official Solomon Island maps name this lake Te Nggano, while locals refer to the lake as Tegano or Tungano or Big Water. The lake is 29 km in length and 10 km wide, with an area of 155 km&sup2, which occupies 17.6% of the total area of Rennell Island. The lake is located at East Rennell in the central basin which was the old lagoon.</p><br>
<p>The hard bottom is covered by several meters of suspended mud. The lake has an elevated salt concentration being kept by a subterranean duct system which connects it with the sea.</p><br>
<p>The water depth is 44 m and consists of a mixture of brackish fresh and salt water.The average distance from the lake shore to the ocean is 2 km with wildlife predominantly eels and water snakes and a bird breeding area. The lake is listed as a World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>On the easternmost point of the lake is the former World War 2 airbase Tigoa. Information from locals claims that there are nine aircraft at the bottom of the lake with five visible from a boat.</p><br>
<p>Lake Te Nggano was used as a flying boat base by both Japanese and American forces during the Pacific War (World War II). Japanese Nakajima A6M2-N Rufe floatplanes operated out of Rennell Island until US air and sea superiority made the base untenable. American PBY Catalinas used the lake as a base after 1943. A detachment from the 2nd Marines was sent from New Hebrides and arrived at Lake Tegano on 12 November 1942 to establish a lookout post.</p><br>
<p>The US forces scuttled eight of the warhorses at the end of hostilities rather than take them home. Reports were made of crash landings due to the coral outcrops within the lake. Members of the local community attempted to retrieve one of the radial engines of the aircraft to use as a generator using only man-power. First it was cut from the wing by diving with snorkels and using hand-tools.</p><br>
<p>It was then dragged across the coralline rock lake floor by hand-winch. They were overcome in their task by the engine&#39;s tremendous weight. They did manage to get it close to the shoreline before giving up, close enough that one of the propeller blades is exposed to the air. Very quickly however, the engine became unusable through corrosion, so further attempts to bring it ashore were abandoned.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The temperature averages 23 to 28 C with about 4,000 mm of rainfall per year and high humidity during both seasons. South-east trade winds prevail from April to the end of November. The island lies within the band of known cyclone paths and is subject to cyclones at relatively frequent intervals. The latest major cyclone to hit Rennell was Nina in 1993.</p><br>
<h3>Flora and fauna</h3><br>
<p>The islands of Rennell and Bellona are unique within the Solomon Islands, sharing similarities with New Caledonia and Australia as much as the Solomons. They are home to several endemic species, including the Rennell starling (Aplonis insularis) which is a species of starling in the family Sturnidae, the bare-eyed white-eye (Woodfordia superciliosa) which is a species of bird in the Zosteropidae family, the Rennell shrikebill (Clytorhynchus hamlini) which is a species of bird in the Monarchidae family, and the Rennell fantail (Rhipidura rennelliana) which is also a species of bird in the Rhipiduridae family. The Solomons white ibis (Threskiornis molucca pygmaeus) is a dwarf subspecies of the Australian white ibis that is endemic to Rennell and Bellona Islands.</p><br>
<p>Rennell province also has 25 species of ants, the endemic orchid Dendrobium rennellii near Lake Tegano, two endemic species of Pandanus (P. lacustris and P. rennellensis). There are also 11 species of bats in the area including the Rennell flying fox (Pteropus rennelli) which is endemic to the island.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tegano is the only known location for the endemic sea krait Laticauda crockeri (VU), one of only two known freshwater sea snake species in the world. The other species of sea snake in the lake is Laticauda colubrina. There are five species of geckos, four skinks, the Rennell monitor (Varanus juxtindicus) and three snakes, all of which are species with widespread distributions and are typical of the region. There are 27 species of land snails, seven of which are endemic to the island, coconut crab (Birgus latro) (DD) and two other species of land hermit crabs (Coenobita spp.). A total of 731 insects have been identified from collections made at Rennell and Bellona. Moths (Lepidoptera) have the greatest number of species (246 in total) with 35 species and 25 subspecies exclusive to Rennell and Bellona. Renbel has no indigenous malaria, cane toads, vipers, venomous snakes or crocodiles.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Due to the tropical climate and thinly soiled coralline substrate, sheep and cattle do not thrive here. Villagers wishing to harvest seafood have the arduous task of climbing the surrounding 120 - cliffs for the return journey to the coast. Once at the coast, they are bound to harvest only finned and scaled seafood, not shellfish, lobsters or other marine creatures. The serious deficiency in diet prompted the Solomon Islands government to seed Lake Nggano with tilapia fish. These seem to have thrived in the brackish conditions and are now a staple part of the diet. While coconut crabs are crustaceans, and use the sea to spawn, the Seventh-day Adventists do not eat it in accordance with the kosher laws in but a few are tempted to its taste, and also enjoying harvesting it.</p><br>
<p>The locals also talk about a condition they refer to as "The Cold". They believe that this ailment is responsible for the onset of a debilitating mental illness. Adults who have no history of mental illnesses or drug abuse have been known to slide into a state of melancholy, requiring weeks of intensive treatment.</p><br>
<p>The wantok system creates huge pressures on the people of Renbel, more so than many other provinces. You will often hear the locals remark "Oh, that’s the Avaiki way". This refers to the intrinsic behaviour associated with the wantok system and translates to "What is yours, is mine"</p><br>
<p>The locals play sport most days of the week in the afternoons. Soccer, rugby, volleyball & netball are the sports of choice.</p><br>
<p>The natives call Rennell "MUGAVA" and they call Bellona "MUNGIKI". They then combine the last three letters of each Island and come up with a word called AVAIKI. If someone local does something silly you might hear someone say ‘That’s the Avaiki way’. They also have a Rugby and Net ball team called Avaiki.</p><br>
<p>The locals don’t have much respect for chiefs but most respect the Church leaders. They don’t like the politicians much because, as soon as they get elected, they move to Honiara and only show up again when it’s time to get re-elected.</p><br>
<p>When an outsider enters a village there appears to be no apparent hierarchy and it is acceptable to talk to either men or women. The people who hold important jobs here are the religious leaders and teachers. The chiefs are not really respected here and are said to wield no real power. This view of chiefs as powerless is sparked by grandchildren of the commoners, who are now well educated these days and want to retaliate for their ancestors held traditional views.</p><br>
<h2>Provincial Government</h2><br>
<p>The second island that makes up Renbel province is Bellona Island (pop. under 1000) thereby giving rise to the provincial name REN-BEL.</p><br>
<p>The Renbel province covers a land area of 840 km&sup2;. The province or Renbell was established in 1993 where it was revealed that 99% of the land is customarily owned with only the main road and Bellona airfield being owned by the government.</p><br>
<p>Tigoa (Tingoa) is the capital for Rennell Island and located at the Rennell Airfield. It is referred by the locals as TNT and has a population of about 400 people. A number of residences are built either side of the airfield. Both the Royal Solomon Island Police and the Provincial Government offices are stationed at Tigoa.</p><br>
<p>The traditional chief system does not operate in the province.</p><br>
<p>The Provincial Government are tasked with providing health, education, transport, power, water and other basic services. They are funded with about $128,000 per month from the Central Government to do this.</p><br>
<p>The Government structure has 10 wards each with elected members:</p><br>
<p>Rennell Ward</p><br>
<p>Ward 1 – Hutuna, Tegano</p><br>
<p>Ward 2 – Niupani, Tebaitahe, East Lake</p><br>
<p>Ward 3 – Lughu,Avatai</p><br>
<p>Ward 4 – Teabamagu, Kanava, Tahanuku</p><br>
<p>Ward 5 – Ngogona, Tingoa (TNT), Moreno & Hatagua (Airfield Area)</p><br>
<p>Ward 6 – Kaagua, Tepogima</p><br>
<p>Bellona Ward</p><br>
<p>Ward 7 – Matangi</p><br>
<p>Ward 8 – East Ghongau</p><br>
<p>Ward 9 – West Ghongau</p><br>
<p>Ward 10 –Sa’aiho</p><br>
<p>The Provincial Government is also responsible for the appointment of area constables to police local by-laws.</p><br>
<h2>Agriculture</h2><br>
<p>In Renbell province, a great majority of land disputes are over farming plots. Many villages are used as gardening villages (subsistence farming) since the population has moved to larger neighboring villages. The farming plots are carved out of the forest and farming paths carved to reach the plots. The soil from a coral atoll is not as fertile as other islands such as the volcanic Guadalcanal. Often the boundaries of these plots are guessed which gives rise to the various disputes.</p><br>
<p>The crops grown include sweet potato and slippery cabbage and to a lesser extent, taro. In the 1990s a virus decimated the taro crops and now crops are under threat by a more natural enemy. At the arrival of RAMSI in 2004, all Solomon Islanders were encouraged to hand-in their firearms following the period of ethnic tensions and many farmers who had used guns to protect their crops were also required to surrender their guns. In 2008 many farmers now complain that the native bird tekagae, kagae or rednose (NZ is known as</p><br>
<p>swamp hen or pukeko) "has tripled in population since the gun amnesty". Apparently the Tekagae can’t be eaten and is very clever, being able to sense the arrival of a person and counteract any efforts of deterrence such as scarecrows or ribbon and "many families have gone hungry and many farmers have given up trying to farm and we appeal to RAMSI to serious consider appropriate action".</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The people of the Renbell Province live a very basic subsistence farming lifestyle. Their daily activities are focused on farming of the family’s personal garden and regular attendance of Village Christian churches.</p><br>
<p>The majority of residents of the Renbell province are Renbellanise of Polynesian descent. The Rennell and Bellona languages are very similar and closely related to New Zealand, Maori and Samoan languages. Most adults speak Solomon Pijin, although children and some unschooled young person’s will only be comfortable speaking Renbelian (Polynesian language), and most have some understanding of English.</p><br>
<h2>Police services</h2><br>
<p>Both the islands of Rennell and Bellona are serviced by the Tigoa police station. The gazetted strength of the police station is meant to be 12.</p><br>
<p>As of September 2008, the actual strength is 5.</p><br>
<p>The Tigoa Police station was originally built in 1993 and soon after was destroyed by Cyclone Nina. The replacement police station was condemned by the Royal Solomon Islands Police (RSIP) logistics department in 2008.</p><br>
<p>As part of RAMSI, there are two Participating Police Force (PPF) advisors stationed at Rennell Island, Tigoa. A semi-permanent ITSA structure provides accommodation which was officially opened by the RAMSI PPF Commander on 8 September 2004 and later a section which accommodates the Tigoa police station, was opened on 12 March 2008.</p><br>
<p>Power to the complex is provided by a 24-hour Kubota generator powering a split system Air-Conditioning, hot water, full kitchen appliances and washing facilities in the laundry/Bathroom. The accommodation/Office houses the HF radio, base sat phone and computer equipment used by PPF members.</p><br>
<p>The RSIP residences are situated at the back of the PPF Compound including the previously condemned police station. There are 5 current houses standing and most have nil wet areas or ablution facilities available. Some of these facilities have been built by RSIP officers themselves as there is no maintenance work conducted by RSIP management.</p><br>
<p>RSIP hold a sea worthy fibreglass banana boat which is used for transport on Lake Te’Nggano with a modern and well maintained 25HP OBM. This is an efficient and functional means of transport for RAMSI/RSIP between the head road and the 4 lake villages of East Rennell Island. Currently the Marine fuel for these patrols is provided by RSIP so patrols of Rennell can be completed. They also have a banana boat station at Lavangu which is seaworthy and operates with a 40HP Yamaha O/B. Both O/Bs are stored at the PPF compound in the RSIP container with servicing and parts for the boats and OBMs supplied by the RSIP.</p><br>
<p>A modified shipping container is utilised as a cell/watch-house until the offender is evacuated to Honiara.</p><br>
<p>In 1992 a Tigoa police officer with 4 passengers was sailing from Rennell to Bellona in a banana boat and did not return. No bodies were ever recovered yet the following year in January 1993, the banana boat was located during or after Cyclone Nina. It was located in the western province area, near Gizo.</p><br>
<h2>Crime</h2><br>
<p>The level of crime is generally very low with land disputes and homebrew being the main cause behind offences committed. Often disputes involve logging and farming plots.</p><br>
<p>Since June 2006, there have been very few drunk and disorderly incidents reported to the police. This is primarily due to the lack of sugar and yeast on the island which is required to make home brew. There is generally a surge in home brewing activity following the arrival of the resupply ship. Local home brew is made by fermenting coconut milk, yeast and sugar in a bin and leaving it hidden in the bush for about a week. It is normally drunk on Thursday night after sports day which often leads to disorderly behavior such as fights, noise, loud music, etc.</p><br>
<h2>Religions</h2><br>
<p>The religion of Bellona Island (and presumably Rennell Island) was replaced by Christianity in 1938. The Copenhagen University funded research to examine the rituals of Bellona Island which indicated that many men recalled the story that the island began as a Nerita shell and rose up from the ocean (p24).</p><br>
<p>In present time the people of Rennell are geographically divided between the lower lake end and the higher end by two Christian denominations. Around the eastern end, Te Nggano, the people follow the South Seas Evangelical Church, with the Seventh-day Adventist Church occupying the western end. The Seventh-day Adventists worship on Saturday, and South Seas Evangelical Church (SSEC) worship on Sunday. Church Leaders play a small part in most communities, and the traditional chief/elder system is becoming defunct.</p><br>
<p>Portions of the population do not actively attend church, especially young people, though most "community leaders", are nominated as teachers, elders, chiefs or pastors.</p><br>
<p>Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA) – major</p><br>
<p>South Seas Evangelical Church (SSEC) – major</p><br>
<p>Anglican Church – minor</p><br>
<p>Life Changing Mission (LCM) – minor</p><br>
<h2>Medical</h2><br>
<p>There are two medical clinics currently staffed on Rennell Island. They are located in the Tigoa and Tegano villages on Lake Tegano.</p><br>
<p>The standard of medical care available in the clinics is very basic. Most serious cases are referred to Central Hospital Honiara, for further consultation. Generally the patient is transported on the next scheduled air flight although in emergency cases, the RAMSI aircraft is used.</p><br>
<p>Malaria is a serious health risk in the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and Papua New Guinea but Renbel province is the only area where malaria is not a problem.</p><br>
<p>Bellona Island also has one medical clinic.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>There are schools in all of the main villages and a Bible college which conducts courses on vehicle maintenance, cooking, construction and general living courses. It is estimated that the ratio of students is 80% boys and 20% girls with various reasons identified such as costs, tradition and family home duties.</p><br>
<p>Henua Community High School is situated in Niupani village, next to the World Heritage site of East Rennell.</p><br>
<p>Nearby Hutuna village is the site of the eighth People First Network email station, which was established in 2003. Hutuna was one of the sites which was included in the 2004 JICA-USP research on the impacts of the ICT on rural development.</p><br>
<h3>Primary Schools</h3><br>
<p>East Rennell</p><br>
<p>Moah School Hutuna / Tenqano Village</p><br>
<p>Niupani Primary School Niupani</p><br>
<p>Vaitahe Primary School Vaitahe Village</p><br>
<p>West Rennell</p><br>
<p>Thomas Sandwich School Avatai Settlement</p><br>
<p>Vanua Primary School Lavangu</p><br>
<p>Kanava Primary School Kanava</p><br>
<p>Tahanuku Primary School Tahanuku</p><br>
<p>Newplace Primary School TNT Chistnick</p><br>
<p>Kaagua Primary School Kaagua</p><br>
<h3>Community High Schools</h3><br>
<p>East Rennell</p><br>
<p>Niupani Community High Niupani</p><br>
<p>West Rennell</p><br>
<p>New Place Provincial Secondary School (NPPSS).</p><br>
<h2>Communications</h2><br>
<p>There is no phone, television or radio service. Short wave radio can pick up intermittent frequencies and satellite phones do operate. There are about five high frequency radio units in the province and operate on frequency 6815.</p><br>
<p>Two villages (Hutuna and Niupani) alongside the lake have communications via the novel People First Network initiative including a distance learning centre opened in June 2007 by an EU-funded Ministry of Education project</p><br>
<p>There is no telephone land line or mobile coverage. The pfNet project enables internet access at Lake Te’Nggano which is a 20-minute boat trip and 15 minute walk.</p><br>
<p>The Solomon Islands Telecommunication Company will establish a satellite service on this island to be located about 100metres from the airstrip. Services will include a payphone, mobile phone coverage and internet and may even include a repeater station for one of the FM radio stations. Initially the opening date was scheduled for July 2008 but delayed due shipping delays. As of September 2008 the 6 month late barge arrived and offloaded supplies where construction resumed.</p><br>
<h2>Utilities</h2><br>
<p>There are about 20 serviceable generators on the island at time of report. These generators are mostly reliable; however use is restricted due to cost and difficulty in obtaining fuel. HF radios are powered by solar panel. No power grid is in existence. There are HF radios in each village and contact can be made through these in Rennell and Bellona.</p><br>
<p>Limited fresh water is available at local springs if rain does not fill the water tanks. One washing water bore is in the general vicinity of Tingoa Police station.</p><br>
<p>Rennell Island has 8 informally run stores. In the limited times that supplies are available for sale they will be limited to tinned tuna, rice and a very small range of supplementary items. There are 3 similar stores at Bellona.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>One packed-coral road runs down the centre of Rennell Island, but is in terrible repair, and "high" speed on the better sections should not exceed 35 km/h. there were about 19 operational motor vehicles (trucks & 4WD’s), a red tractor & 8 motor cycles on the island and a few pushbikes.</p><br>
<p>The only public transport on the Island is the Blue Truck owned by the Minister for Transport. The cost for one person to stand on the back of the truck from Lavangu to Tingoa is approximately $20 to $60 Solomon dollars per person, which can be negotiated. The truck is often used to transport the sick or injured to the Tingoa Clinic for treatment or assessment while maintaining regular passenger stops. The cost to charter this truck is $1,000 Sol.</p><br>
<h3>Shipping</h3><br>
<p>The village of Lavangu on the central South coast has a channel passing through the reef to open water, and this is used by banana boats to transport cargo from ship to shore.</p><br>
<p>Lughughi Bay is located east of Tingoa. The port has a stone step that is used by landing craft to deposit heavy loads and vehicles onto the island. The road to Lughughi commences at the village of Tahanuka and is in a shocking state of repair, particularly the hill sections. The distance by road between Tahanuku & Lughughi is 7.5 km which is about a 50-minute drive. There are a couple of copra sheds at the port with little else. The step where cargo is offloaded is often filled in spots with local rocks to make it passable. This port is in very poor state and is not maintained.</p><br>
<p>The province has a ship/barge called ‘MV RENBEL’. The ship is multipurpose and currently transports passengers as well as cargo to Renbell on an irregular basis. The last ship to sail to Renbell was on 14 September 2008 and before that there was no service for 9 months. During the last few months the population survived mostly on coconuts and the occasional seafood with a total drought of the staple, rice.</p><br>
<p>Sea transport and vehicle transport are currently two of the main problems facing the Communities of Rennell and Bellona. The only other form of transport by sea is by fishing boats visiting the nearby reef. As a form of royalty to fish at the reef, these fishing boats transport goods and passengers.</p><br>
<h3>Airport</h3><br>
<p>One airfield is available on Rennell Island in Tigoa. It runs East to West at Tigoa. Bellona also has its own airstrip. Solomon Airlines provides a twice weekly service from Honiara – Bellona – Tigoa (Rennell Island) – Bellona – Honiara on Tuesdays and Fridays. A RAMSI flight arrives every Wednesday with either a staff changeover and/or supplies for the PPF.</p><br>
<p>Both islands have grass airstrips, but no other aviation infrastructure. The airstrip at Tigoa is maintained by Civil Aviation Division sub contractors and is mowed by manually slashing with brush knives. Often various communities volunteer to take on this role so they can utilize the money for events such as Christmas functions.</p><br>
<p>Generally flights leave Honiara at about 0700hrs and arrive in Rennell anywhere between 0800 and 0900hrs. Extra flights are scheduled sporadically. The flight agent resides at the Moreno Guesthouse, Tegiku (West Tigoa). On Bellona the Solair agents occupy a 2-storey building next to the aircraft "terminal".</p><br>
<p>RSIP provide security during landings and takeoffs for all aircraft; this involves using the Hilux, an RSIP motorbike and police cordon tape to erect a simple barrier to keep onlookers at a safe distance. It is apparent that flight days are a weekly highlight for many locals.</p><br>
<h3>Airport land dispute</h3><br>
<p>Correspondence addressed to the police and government on 16 Mar 08 details a lengthy land dispute regarding the airport.</p><br>
<p>In 1968 the Chief Priest and principal landowner of Tigoa land Mr Gilead Moa Tohahenua Gibauhenua Huaitebai allowed the construction of Tigoa airfield on his land.</p><br>
<p>During the construction process, apparently 26 graves were dug up and 1200 coconut trees were destroyed. The author claims that the Baimango tribe of Mugihenua own the Tigoa land and the dispute is with the Ngatonga tribe. Ngatonga tribe owned and lived at Tigoa up until the arrival of Christianity. When the elders of the Ngatonga tribe died and their siblings left for studies in Honiara and overseas, outsiders namely Baimango tribe tried to claim the land referring to history without proof</p><br>
<h2>Villages & population</h2><br>
<p>Tigoa (colored background) is the provincial capital of the province of Rennell and Bellona.</p><br>
<p>Wards 1 and 2 are East Rennel, and wards 3 through 6 West Rennel. Wards 7 through 10 of the province relate to Bellona Island.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson Market Branch, New York Public Library, once known as the Jefferson Market Courthouse, is located at 425 Avenue of the Americas , on the southwest corner of West 10th Street, in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City, on a triangular plot formed by Greenwich Avenue and West 10th Street. It was originally built as the Third Judicial District Courthouse from 1874 to 1877, and was designed by architect Frederick Clarke Withers of the firm of Vaux and Withers.</p><br>
<p>Faced with demolition in 1958, public outcry led to its reuse as a branch of the New York Public Library. The building is now part of the New York City Landmark Preservation Commissions Greenwich Village Historic District, created in 1969. The AIA Guide to New York City calls the building "A mock Neuschwansteinian assemblage... of leaded glass, steeply sloping roofs, gables, pinnacles, Venetian Gothic embellishments, and an intricate tower and clock; one of the Citys most remarkable buildings."</p><br>
<h2>History and architecture</h2><br>
<p>A tall octagonal wooden fire lookout tower was the first building on the site, built circa 1833, located in the center of the merchants&#39; sheds at the Jefferson Market that had been established at this site in 1832 and named for the late President. Court sessions were held in the Jefferson Assembly Rooms that rose above the market sheds. The wood tower and the market structures were torn down by the city to build a new courthouse, the adjacent Jefferson Market Prison building that stood on the corner of West 10th Street and Greenwich Avenue and new coordinated market housing (built in 1883). Of the carefully massed eclectic and picturesque group, only the former Courthouse now remains.</p><br>
<p>The commission for the new courthouse went to the firm of Vaux and Withers, but as Calvert Vaux was busy with the American Museum of Natural History and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the design fell to his partner, the English-born Frederick Clarke Withers. Withers came from the same background as Vaux, so it is not unusual this his High Victorian Gothic design was similar in some respects to the "Ruskinian Gothic" aesthetic of Vaux&#39;s early buildings, such as in its polychrome materials &ndash; red brick, black stone, white granite, yellow sandstone trim and variegated roof slates. Reasoning that a building with a clock tower was going to look like a church no matter what he did, Withers decided to add church-like touches with non-religious content, such as the tympanum which shows a scene from The Merchant of Venice instead of the usual scene of Christ sitting in judgment or other ecclesiastical subject matter. The building also features stained glass windows and a fountain decorated with birds and animals.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was completed in 1877, and in 1885 a panel of American architects sponsored by American Architect and Building News voted it the fifth most beautiful building in America.</p><br>
<h2>Use and reuse</h2><br>
<p>The building got substantial use as a courthouse, as the Third Judicial District covered the Madison Square area, where the citys entertainment district &ndash; The Tenderloin &ndash; was located. So heavy was the traffic, that the countrys first night court began there. Among the more noted people arraigned in the courthouse was Harry K. Thaw, the murderer of celebrity architect Stanford White.</p><br>
<p>The building ceased to be used as a courthouse in 1945; its future was uncertain, and it was in danger of being torn down. A group of community preservationists led by Margot Gayle and Ruth Wittenberg formed the Committee of Neighbors to Get the Clock on Jefferson Market Courthouse Started and campaigned to have the building converted into a library. In 1961, the New York Public Library agreed to the plan and architect Giorgio Cavaglieri was brought in to restore the exterior The library opened in 1967, with the police court becoming the Children&#39;s Reading Room, the Civil Court the Adult Reading Room. Budget cutbacks in 1974 caused the Board of Trustees of the New York Public Library to vote to close the branch, as well as two others. After an outcry from residents, the decision was rescinded one month later.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977, both under the name "Third Judicial District Courthouse".</p><br>
<p>The building received further restoration in 1994 by preservationist architect Joseph Pell Lombardi.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>In 1996 "Ol Jeff", the fire bell, silent in the Tower for 135 years, regained its voice with Margot Gayles help, thanks to Cynthia Crane and Marilyn Dorato. It strikes the hours from 9am to 10pm. On April 13, 1997, the New York Times wrote: "The bell has newly and unexpectedly connected the community surrounding the building on Avenue of the Americas at 10th Street, helping to put the concept of village back in Greenwich Village; it serves as a powerful, an hourly, reminder of the values of architectural preservation."</p><br>
<p>There are annual tours of the tower, typically during Open House New York weekend in October.</p><br>
<p>By 2012 the building&#39;s exterior was once again in need of restoration, deteriorated ornaments were re-sculpted from the original Ohio sandstone. The tower’s railings and finial were repaired and resecured. Missing and broken slates were replaced at the slate roof and a new copper drainage system installed. Brick and stone were re-pointed and cleaned. SUPERSTRUCTURES Engineers + Architects led the restoration. The owners and project team were honored by the New York Landmarks Conservancy with its Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Lake Thirteen is a private lake located in Surrey Township, Clare County, Michigan. The lake spans about 95 acre, and reaches a maximum depth of about 32 ft.</p><br>
<p>The lake serves recreational purposes such as watersports and fishing. In most fishing handbooks, the primary fish is listed as bullhead, but largemouth bass and northern pike can also be caught in the lake. In 2002 walleye were planted in the lake, although there have been no reports of consistency in catching them.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>Lake Thirteen is an artificial lake, dug on the creekbed of Runyan Creek, which flows into the lake and is the primary water supply. The water depth varies, anywhere from 2 feet (0.6 m) in some areas, to a maximum of 30 feet (10 m). Some people believe the lake actually reached 40 feet (12 m) in depth, but muck and sand have filled in the holes.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Aqueduct is an aqueduct that provides the public water supply system serving Washington, D.C., and parts of its suburbs. One of the first major aqueduct projects in the United States, the Aqueduct was commissioned by Congress in 1852, and construction began in 1853 under the supervision of Montgomery C. Meigs and the US Army Corps of Engineers . Portions of the Aqueduct went online on January 3, 1859, and the full pipeline began operating in 1864. The system has been in continuous use ever since. It is listed as a National Historic Landmark, and the Union Arch Bridge within the system is listed as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Design and facilities</h2><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the Aqueduct is a 12-mile (19 km) pipeline which connects the system&#39;s dam at Great Falls with the Dalecarlia Reservoir on the border with Montgomery County, Maryland. The pipeline runs along what is now MacArthur Boulevard, traversing some of the higher cliffs along the Potomac River.</p><br>
<p>The Union Arch Bridge carries the pipeline and MacArthur Boulevard over Cabin John Creek and the Cabin John Parkway near the community of Cabin John, Maryland. This bridge was the longest masonry arch bridge in the world for 40 years after its completion.</p><br>
<p>The Dalecarlia Reservoir serves as a primary sedimentation basin. A portion of the water from the reservoir is treated at the nearby Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant and distributed to municipal water mains. The remainder of the water from the reservoir flows to the Georgetown Reservoir in Georgetown. This facility serves as an additional sedimentation basin, and then the water flows through the Washington City Tunnel to the treatment facility at the McMillan Reservoir, after which it is pumped through city mains.</p><br>
<h2>System expansion</h2><br>
<p>The system originally used a single pipe for water delivery, and did not have any water purification plants, relying instead on the reservoirs to act as settling basins. By the turn of the 20th century, however, Washingtons growth and the high amount of sediment in the Potomacs water kept the reservoirs from doing their jobs well, and so the first treatment plant, a massive slow sand filter bed system, was installed at McMillan Reservoir, and was completed in 1905. The regular use of chlorine as a disinfectant began in 1923 at the McMillan plant. The McMillan plant was not replaced until 1985, when a rapid sand filter plant was opened adjacent to it. Efforts are under way to redevelop the land the slow sand plant used, while maintaining some of the plant&#39;s sand silos for historical purposes.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, the Aqueduct was upgraded with the addition of a second pipe from Great Falls to Dalecarlia, along with several new reservoirs and a pumping station, A rapid sand filter plant was built at Dalecarlia Reservoir, which went online in 1927. The Dalecarlia plant is the larger of the two plants in the system, having been upgraded in the 1950s, and is the plant that serves the Virginia communities that use the Aqueduct. The Corps built an additional intake and pumping station at Little Falls in 1959.</p><br>
<h2>Operations and service area</h2><br>
<p>The Aqueduct is a wholesale water supplier. The communities it serves are responsible for billing customers and managing water mains. The service area is:</p><br>
<p>Washington, D.C., and most of the federal installations in the city (via DC Water)</p><br>
<p>Arlington County, Virginia</p><br>
<p>The city of Falls Church, Virginia, and part of Fairfax County (particularly McLean).</p><br>
<p>The Tanaro, known as Tanarus in ancient times and Tane or Tani in piedmontese language, is a 276 km long river in northwestern Italy. The river begins in the Ligurian Alps, near the border with France, and is the most significant right-side tributary to the Po in terms of length, size of drainage basin , and discharge.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Sources</h3><br>
<p>The Tanaro proper begins in Liguria at the confluence of two small streams, the sources of which are in Piedmont: the Tanarello and the Negrone.</p><br>
<p>The main source of the Tanarello is on the slopes of Monte Saccarello above Monesi, a village belonging to the commune of Triora. This mountain straddles the French département of Alpes-Maritimes, the Piedmontese province of Cuneo and the Ligurian province of Imperia and marks the juncture of the watersheds between three drainage basins: that of the Tanaro itself; that of the Roya, which rises in France but enters the sea at Ventimiglia; and the Argentina, which flows into the Ligurian Sea at Taggia.</p><br>
<p>The sources of the Negrone are some 10 km to the north, south of Punta Marguareis and very close to the French border.</p><br>
<h3>Course</h3><br>
<p>The Tanaro flows past the towns Ceva, Alba, Asti, and Alessandria before entering the Po near Bassignana in the Province of Alessandria. At its confluence with Po, it is longer by about 50 km than the upper Po, a case similar to the famous Missouri tributary being longer than Mississippi in the United States.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>The main tributaries to the Tanaro are the Stura di Demonte and the Borbore from the left and the Bormida and the Belbo from the right.</p><br>
<h2>Regime</h2><br>
<p>The flow is subject to a great deal of seasonal variation. Although the river has an Alpine origin, which is unique among the Po’s right-side tributaries, the Ligurian Alps are of an insufficient elevation and too close to the sea to allow for the formation of snow fields or glaciers large enough to provide a steady source of water during the summer. Furthermore, the Alpine zone forms only a part of the basin drained by the Tanaro. The seasonal regime of the river is therefore more typical of an Apennine stream, with a maximum discharge that can reach 1,700 m3/s, in spring and autumn and a very low rate of flow in the summer.</p><br>
<h2>Flood events</h2><br>
<p>The river is highly prone to flooding. During the two hundred-year period between 1801 and 2001, sections of the Tanaro basin were affected by floods on 136 occasions, the most devastating being those in November 1994, when the whole of the river valley was affected by severe flooding, especially the town of Alessandria.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The left bank of the Tanaro River near Asti is the scene of the Battle of Pollentia on April 6, 402.</p><br>
<p>The Sill is a 35 km long river in Tyrol, Austria. It is one of the larger tributaries of the Inn River in the Austrian Tyrol. It flows through the Wipptal valley north to Innsbruck. Its source lies east of the Brenner Pass. At the "Sillzwickel" - the name of the point where it meets the Inn at Innsbruck - there is a big recreation area, with showers, toilets and cycle tracks.</p><br>
<p>The Viggarbach merges with it in Schönberg.</p><br>
<p>The natural river basin is about 855 km²; 31,6 km² are covered in glacier ice.</p><br>
<p>The water power generated by the river flow is used for three power plants providing the city and environs with electricity. In the Wipptal Valley the water quality is grade A to B. In the city area it is reduced to B because of sewage.</p><br>
<p>One interesting point on the river is the Sill Fall (see picture) which has a height of 4 metres. This is the point where water is taken out for urban use. In the fall basin, fish such as trout can be found. Also interesting is the Bretterkeller waterfall located at the bottom of the Paschberg in the city area of Innsbruck.</p><br>
<p>The River Sill features prominently in the stories Amras and Der Wetterfleck by the Austrian writer Thomas Bernhard.</p><br>
<p></text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Leithen Water  is a tributary of the River Tweed in Scotland. It rises in the Moorfoot Hills and joins the Tweed near the town of Innerleithen, whose name comes from the Scottish Gaelic inbhir, meaning a confluence, and anglicised as "inner" or "inver". The Brythonic equivalent is "Aber". "Leithen" is a Celtic name meaning grey in colour .</p><br>
<p>In Innerleithen the river is about 6–7 metres across and is not deep enough to swim. Leithen Water is a local favourite for the children who wade, &#39;guddle&#39; fish (catch fish with hands) and play about in it. In the summer months, local children build small dams to deepen it, especially at the Cauld (a fish ladder near Inerleithen Golf Course) and at Leithen Bridge. The latter is an old stone bridge, erected in 1799 using funds from a stipend, to enable easy access for townsfolk to attend church on the west side of the Leithen Water.</p><br>
<p>Leithen Water is usually cool and clear, however post heavy rain it can become quite murky.</p><br>
<p>The river lends its name to the character Sir Edward Leithen in a number of novels by John Buchan.</p><br>
<p>Lake Micmac is a small freshwater lake located in the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, Canada.</p><br>
<p>Located entirely within the community of Dartmouth, Lake Micmac is also known as Second Lake for its position in the Shubenacadie Canal system.</p><br>
<p>The lake is bordered on three sides by roads: Waverly Road on its eastern shore, Highway 118 on its western shore, and Highway 111 on its southern shore; the bridge carrying this latter road also separates Lake Micmac from Lake Banook. The north shore of Lake Micmac is occupied by Shubie Park, a large urban park. There is also private beach frontage known informally as Mossmans Beach&#39; on the northeastern end of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Micmac is a popular location for water sports and boating; the lake features a boat launch at Red Bridge Pond.</p><br>
<p>Lake Micmac is named after the Mikmaq Nation who used the Shubenacadie portage route as a transportation corridor before the arrival of European settlers. Several pre-colonial archaeological sites have been found in the area of Shubie Park; many of the artifacts that were recovered are on display at the parks Fairbanks Centre.</p><br>
<p>Belmore Mountain is a hill in the townland of Gortgall, western County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. With a summit roughly 398 m above sea level, it is the second highest point in Fermanagh, the highest being at Cuilcagh on the Northern Ireland&ndash;Republic of Ireland border in the south of the county. The historian John O Donovan  states that the indigenous population called the mountain Bel Mor Muintir Pheodachain.</p><br>
<p>Belmore Mountain dominates the skyline in the nearby county town of Enniskillen and gives its name to Belmore Street.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Geologically dominated by limestone, outcropping of the sedimentary rock forms extensive sheer cliffs near the summit. Chemical erosion caused by the natural acidity of water has formed a cave system underneath the mountain, accessible at the village of Boho. Faulting has produced the Knockmore escarpment on the western flanks of Belmore. Other small villages and hamlets around the foot of Belmore include Letterbreen and Springfield.</p><br>
<p>Agriculture is limited due to the steep slopes and thin peaty soils on Belmore, however extensive plantations of coniferous forest can be found on the upper plateau.</p><br>
<p>In 1894, archeologist Thomas Plunkett excavated both the Eagle’s Knoll Cairn passage tomb and Moylehid ring cairn in the townland of Moylehid; one of which is situated on an eastern spur of Belmore Mountain overlooking the Erne valley.</p><br>
<h2>Eponymy</h2><br>
<p>The mountain also gives its name to an Irish earldom. Somerset Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore, served from 1868 to 1872 as the 14th Governor of New South Wales, where several features are named for him: the Belmore River, the suburb of Belmore in Sydney, Belmore Park, also in Sydney and in Goulburn. The name is also associated with Belmore Forest in the Boho area.</p><br>
<p>Fort Miles was an American military installation located on Cape Henlopen near Lewes, Delaware. Although funds to build the fort were approved in 1934, it was 1941 before the fort was constructed. It was built to defend Delaware Bay and the Delaware River and to protect domestic shipping from enemy fire within the capes, particularly from the German surface fleet. The fort also operated a controlled naval minefield to prevent ships entering the Delaware River estuary.</p><br>
<p>The fort was completed days before the attack on Pearl Harbor, Battery 118 (Battery Smith) being declared operational on December 4, 1941. The United States declaration of war on Japan compelled the USA Army to man the fort with the 261st Coast Artillery Battalion, who days before were slated to leave. Fourteen vessels, including the USS Jacob Jones, a naval destroyer, were sunk off the coast of New Jersey during the first six months of 1942. Numerous batteries (ranging from 90mm guns up to 16 inch) were installed at the fort and a large was laid in the waters off Lewes, Delaware in the following years, but the fort was to see no action during the conflict. In May 1945, the soldiers would receive the surrender of U-858, a German U-boat that was part of Wolfpack Seewolf at the time of the German surrender to Allied forces in Europe.</p><br>
<p>At its peak, Fort Miles was home to over 2,200 soldiers, men and women, including the 261st Coast Artillery, the 21st Coast Artillery, the 52nd Coast Artillery (Railway), the 198th Coast Artillery (AA) and the 113th Infantry Detachment. Most of Fort Miles was declared surplus in 1948 and 1949, but the Army continued to use portions of it through the early 1990s as a morale, welfare and recreation (MWR) area for active and retired military personnel and their families, with the facility coming under the management of Fort Meade.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, the USA Navy took control of a portion of the southern end of Fort Miles, including Batteries Smith and Herring, to establish a SOSUS listening facility. Naval Facility Lewes ("NAVFAC Lewes") was established on site and would continue to operate there until September 30, 1981. Since the SOSUS program was not officially declassified until 1991, the actual operations of NAVFAC Lewes remained classified for the duration of the facility&#39;s existence.</p><br>
<p>Fort Miles never saw any major action during World War II, firing its guns many times in practice and achieving high marksmanship ratings but never using those guns to engage an enemy. The 16" gun was fired exactly once in testing, and the resulting recoil damaged the emplacement, resulting in no further shells fired at Battery Smith. In 1964, 543 acres (2.2 km²) of federal land were donated to the State of Delaware to establish Cape Henlopen State Park. Over time, more land was transferred to the state park until Fort Miles ceased operation as a military MWR facility altogether in 1991 pursuant to BRAC. Its last official usage was as a bivouac for soldiers who had just returned from the first Gulf War.</p><br>
<p>Fire Control Towers, four to five story round-base concrete towers with flat observation decks, were set up as baselines to triangulate the position of suspicious ships or submarines. Five such towers still exist within the current boundaries of Cape Henlopen State Park, including one (#7) that has visitor access. Many bunkers were also constructed to house guns and other weapons. Barracks, administration buildings, and a pier were also constructed as part of the fort.</p><br>
<p>The four largest coastal Batteries at Fort Miles are Battery 118 (Battery Smith), Battery 221 (Battery Herring), Battery 222 (Battery Hunter), and Battery 519. Due to the late date of its completion, Battery 519 was never formally named and was only designated by its Army Corps of Engineers project number.</p><br>
<p>Battery Smith originally housed the two 16" guns and is now in use by Cape Henlopen State Park for storage. Battery Herring, originally covered with sand like all the rest of the batteries, was excavated and expanded for use as a USA Navy SOSUS station during the Cold War as part of NAVFAC Lewes. It is now abandoned. Battery Hunter is in use currently as a Hawk Watch station. Battery 519 originally housed two 12" guns. It is currently being renovated for use as a museum, celebrating Delaware&#39;s part in World War II. Tours began in 2004. It has a restored 12" cannon similar to the original mounted at the south gun block. Additionally, it is being used to house a German built 20 millimeter anti-aircraft cannon that had been captured from U-858 after its surrender. Walking tours of the bunkers and other facilities currently being restored are available during the summer. The project falls under the purview of the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC). Historic interpreters can be seen at the park during special events. These events are designed to give the public a demonstration of military life at Fort Miles when it was still in operation.</p><br>
<p>Four Panama mounts still exist at Battery 22, located near the Beach House within the park.</p><br>
<h2>Weaponry</h2><br>
<p>Mount Haystack is a mountain in the Great Range of the Adirondack High Peaks in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. It is the third highest peak in the state, after Algonquin Peak and Mount Marcy. It gets its name from the resemblance of its rounded, conical peak to a haystack.</p><br>
<p>Despite this and the views offered from its bare, alpine summit, it is not visited by as many hikers outside aspiring members of the Adirondack Forty-Sixers; it is rather remote from the nearest trailhead and the approach from either direction is steep and challenging.</p><br>
<p>The most frequent approach of Haystack as the main goal is to follow the Johns Brook Trail from the popular Garden parking area in Keene Valley to the Phelps Trail and then use Shorey&#39;s Short Cut to get over to the Range Trail. It is possible to combine this with an attempt on Marcy itself, but that makes for a long day and the approach from Panther Gorge is even steeper than that from the north.</p><br>
<p>Some hikers come along the Great Range itself, making the peak their last stop before Marcy itself, or combine it with neighboring Basin and Saddleback. It can also be approached from privately owned Upper Ausable Lake.</p><br>
<p>One of the most famous elements of Haystack is the infamous "Devil&#39;s Half Mile". This stretch, which is technically 3/4 mi, is the extremely steep last stretch of the trail.</p><br>
<p>The South Sandwich Trench is a deep arcuate trench in the South Atlantic Ocean lying 100 km to the east of the South Sandwich Islands. The trench is produced by the subduction of the southernmost portion of the South American Plate beneath the small South Sandwich Plate. The South Sandwich Islands constitute a volcanic island arc which results from this active subduction. Mount Belinda on Montagu Island is an active volcano.</p><br>
<p>It is the deepest trench of the Southern Atlantic Ocean, and the second deepest of the Atlantic Ocean after the Puerto Rico Trench.</p><br>
<p>The trench is 965 km long and has a maximum depth of 8,428 meters below sea level. This location, at 55°40&#39;S, 025°55&#39;W, is called Meteor Deep. It is 122 km northeast of Zavodovski Island.</p><br>
<p>The southernmost portion of the South Sandwich Trench reaches south of 60°S and therefore into the Southern Ocean, thereby containing the maximum depth of that Ocean at 60°00&#39;S, 024°W, with a depth of 7,235 meters.</p><br>
<p>Great Duck Island is a small island  in the Gulf of Maine, 11 mi south of the entrance to Frenchman Bay, not far from Acadia National Park. Along with nearby Little Duck Island and 11 others, it is part of the town of Frenchboro, Maine.</p><br>
<p>According to The Nature Conservancy, the island provides habitat for the largest nesting black guillemot colony in Maine. Great Duck is an active site for ecological research, conducted by the College of the Atlantic at its Alice Eno Biological Station. Much of this research focuses on the nesting habits of Leach&#39;s storm-petrel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was inhabited year-round from sometime after 1837 when William Gilley purchased the island, until 1986 when the Coast Guard left and the lighthouse was automated. For much of this period it was used to pasture sheep, support the light station, and provide a summer retreat for mainland property owners.</p><br>
<p>Great Duck Island Light was established in 1890, and the original lighthouse, head keeper&#39;s house, fog signal building, storage building, and boathouse from this year still stand.</p><br>
<p>Bill and Ellen Bigenho purchased most of the island beginning in 1949. According to their daughter Ellen Spain, they used a 16th or 17th century map to dig up a pirate treasure of gold and silver in 1953.</p><br>
<p>In 1963 Boston psychotherapist George Cloutier bought most of the island from the Bigenhos. In the 1970s Cloutier constructed an airstrip, and ran a psychiatric clinic and intentional community on the island including a geodesic dome and yurts, described as an "experiment in gestalt psychiatry that must be unique in island annals." The clinic closed in 1979.</p><br>
<p>In 1985 The Nature Conservancy and the State of Maine purchased most of the island in joint tenancy. In 1998 the College of the Atlantic acquired the 12 acre light station under the Maine Lights Program, renaming it the Alice Eno Biological Station in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Bernina Range is a mountain range in the Alps of eastern Switzerland and northern Italy. It is considered to be part of the Rhaetian Alps within the Central Eastern Alps. It is one of the highest ranges of the Alps, covered with many glaciers. Piz Bernina , its highest peak, is the most easterly four thousand-metre peak in the Alps. The peak in the range which sees the most ascents is Piz Palü.</p><br>
<p>The Bernina Range is separated from the Albula Range in the north-west by the Maloja Pass and the Upper Engadin valley; from the Livigno Range in the east by the Bernina Pass; from the Bergamo Alps in the south by the Adda valley (Valtellina); and from the Bregaglia Range in the south-west by the Muretto Pass. The Bernina Range is drained by the rivers Adda, Inn and</p><br>
<p>Maira (Mera in Italy).</p><br>
<p>The term Bernina Alps can also be used in an extended sense to include both the Bernina and Bregaglia ranges; this is the area coloured red on the map (right) and labelled ‘Bernina Alpen’.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>The main peaks of the Bernina Range are:</p><br>
<h2>Glaciers</h2><br>
<p>Main glaciers :</p><br>
<p>Morteratsch Glacier</p><br>
<p>Roseg Glacier</p><br>
<p>Tschierva Glacier</p><br>
<p>Palü Glacier</p><br>
<p>Scerscen Superiore Glacier</p><br>
<p>Scerscen Inferiore Glacier</p><br>
<p>Fellaria Glacier</p><br>
<h2>Passes</h2><br>
<p>The main passes of the Bernina Range are:</p><br>
<h2>Mountain huts</h2><br>
<p>There are several manned and unmanned mountain huts in the Bernina Range.</p><br>
<p>The Livigno Alps are a mountain range in the Alps of eastern Switzerland and northern Italy, around the Italian village Livigno. They are considered to be part of the Central Eastern Alps.</p><br>
<p>The Livigno Alps are separated from the Bernina Range in the south-west by the Bernina Pass; from the Albula Alps in the north-west by the Upper Engadin valley; from the Sesvenna Range in the north-east by the Ofen Pass and Val Müstair; from the Ortler Alps in the east by the upper Adda River valley (Valtellina) and the Stelvio Pass.</p><br>
<p>The Livigno Alps are drained by the rivers Adda River, Inn and</p><br>
<p>Rom (tributary of the Adige).</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>The main peaks of the Livigno Alps are:</p><br>
<h2>Passes</h2><br>
<p>The main passes of the Livigno Alps are:</p><br>
<p>Troutbeck Tongue is a small fell located in the English Lake District, three miles  ENE of Ambleside. It is one of 214 hills listed in Alfred Wainwright&#39;s Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells, which makes it a popular attraction for walkers who are aiming to complete all the "Wainwrights". Because of its moderate height and proximity to a main road it is a pleasant half-day excursion that can be done when the higher fells are in cloud.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Troutbeck Tongue branches off south-westward from the main Ill Bell ridge, just north of Froswick. It separates Trout Beck from Hagg Gill, its main upper tributary. These two streams almost reconverge behind the fell, the col connecting to Froswick being at only 968 ft. This depression carries a number of ancient cairns at the base of the long grassy back-slope of the fell. The character of this side is in marked contrast to the southern tip of the fell, which drops steeply over rocky outcrops to Troutbeck Park.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The fell is usually climbed from the village of Troutbeck on the A592 road three miles (five kilometres) north of the town of Windermere. From the village it is a pleasant walk to the base of the fell, following the course of the Trout Beck along Ing Lane which leads to Troutbeck Park Farm. This 1,900 acre (7.7 km²) sheep farm was bought by the children&#39;s book author and illustrator Beatrix Potter in 1923; it was in danger of development and so she decided to purchase it. When she died in 1943, she left the farm and its land to the National Trust, along with 13 other farms she owned in the Lake District.</p><br>
<p>The ascent of the fell begins at the farm. It is quite a steep climb with several rocky outcrops and walls and fences to negotiate, but the modest height of the fell makes it a short ascent of less than 30 minutes. There is some evidence of quarrying near the top of the fell, and this is marked on the Ordnance Survey map.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit is grassy with views restricted by the surrounding higher fells. However, there is a good view due south down the Troutbeck valley with England&#39;s largest lake, Windermere, well seen.</p><br>
<p>The Bernina Pass   is a high mountain pass in the Bernina Range of the Alps, in the canton of Graubünden  in eastern Switzerland. It connects the famous resort town of St. Moritz in the Engadin valley with the Italian-speaking Val Poschiavo, which ends in the Italian town of Tirano in Valtellina. The pass lies a few kilometres east of Piz Bernina.</p><br>
<p>The Bernina Pass is crossed by road and rail, with a popular tourist train, the Bernina Express operating year-round between Chur and Tirano. The train crosses the pass west of the road at a slightly lower 2,253 m (at Ospizio Bernina) - it is the highest adhesion railway route in Europe.</p><br>
<p>Lago Bianco, Lej Nair and Lej Pitschen are located on the pass.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The pass was an important trade route over the Alps during the Middle Ages. In 1410 several communities north and south of the pass agreed to work together to maintain it. In 1512 the Three Leagues and their Swiss allies invaded the Valtellina region through the Bernina Pass. At this time the first road over the pass was mentioned. It covered a distance of about 20 mi from Poschiavo to Pontresina.</p><br>
<p>The building of the road began in 1842. Head of engineers was Rudolf Albertini (1821–1896) from Zuoz. The work was finished in 1865 and hospice at an elevation of 2,307 m was also opened. Since this time road was made broader several times, since 1965 it is open all the year, although there is snow during 8 months.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Kwan Phayao  is a lake in the province of Phayao, in the North of Thailand. The word “Kwan” means lake or large swamp. It is the word from Lanna local language that is used only in Phayao. The shape of the area is a nearly-half-circle-moon shape. Kwan Phayao is the largest lake in the North of Thailand and is the fourth largest in the country, with the depth of 1.5 metres, and covers an area of about 1,980 hectares. There are about 50 species of fishes. There are good views of the sunset and mountains. Beside the lake, there are also many restaurants. Phayao is about 691 kilometres from Bangkok and covers an area of 6,335 square kilometres.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kwan Phayao began from the collapse of lithosphere in about 70 million years ago. This area was surrounded by low mountains before.There are 18 creeks mixing together here. In 1935, the department of fisheries had set up Phayao inland fisheries station on Ing River and made the dam, which cause a large swamp with a depth of 1.5 metres. “Nong Lang” was one of the most prominent ponds. The land at the northern and southern ends of the area during summer is dry, so it is possible to walk through the area.</p><br>
<p>Before 1941, Kwan Phayao was a vast area of lowlands. It was humid in the rainy season (around July to November). The Ing River flowed through the area, creating many large ponds called “nong” and smaller ones called “buak”. The floodwaters made waterways connected with each other creating two lakes, one called “Kwan Noi” which means small lake, located in the west. The other one called “Kwan Laung,” located in the east, near the right part of Ing River. In the dry season, the local people went there for fishing, it was overcrowded and no one was able to control the situation. Another problem is that the water was getting low in every year. The Department of Fisheries decided to build the floodgate in 1939 and finished in 1941. However, it was flooded over the field, house, temple, and archaeological site, creating lots of damage. The natural swamps changed into large reservoirs. The Department of Fisheries established a fisheries research station at Kwan Phayao to breed fish for the lake as part of the campaign to increase the availability of cheap protein diet for public consumption. Aquatic flora from Kham Phayao are used as animal feed. Kwan Phayao is rich in natural resources that aid in providing the people of Phayao with a relatively comfortable life.</p><br>
<p>In the past, Phayao area was the area where water from the mountains flowed into streams, rivers, and became small swamps during the dry season every year. The lessening of water makes the farmers able to use the area for farming, raise animals, and use as the route from the city to the surrounding villages of Phayao. The area of Kwan Phayao was the urban area which had lot of temples before. Later, when the Department of Fisheries created a water gate in Phayao to keep water, the temple was submerged in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The river, including the shore is very fertile. The community existed since ancient time. The temperature of the area is ranges from 19.5 to 27.5 Celsius. The average rainfall per year is around 1,064 mm. There are 36 recorded different varieties of aquatic plants in the main vegetation of the cultivated area of Kwan Phayao. The major underwater plants are Ceratophyllum demersum and Najas graminea while other plants mainly include Slavonia cucullata, Nelumbo nucifera, Eichhornia crassipes, and Scrirpus grossus. The estimated mass of fishing crop per hectare is approximately 159 kilograms. The average percent of the humidity of the area ranges from 70% to 80%.</p><br>
<h2>Water characteristic</h2><br>
<p>During the flood season, the depth of Kwan Phayao will be about 4 meters, but during the dry season, it was usually went down to 1 metre. The tides are rapid in the flooding season and flow out through Ing River. Dry season actually does not have tides because the amount of water flowing out of Ing River is small, furthermore, the water hyacinth flows in and stays overcrowded in the river. The water in Kwan Phayao is rather opaque and has a red colour in some parts.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism destination</h2><br>
<p>There are many places to visit around Kwan Phayao.</p><br>
<p>There are two white sea snake dragon guardians on the shore, which travellers often take the pictures in the evening with the sunset.</p><br>
<p>Right opposite to the sea snakes is the Pho Khun Ngam Muang Memorial. It is located inside a public park. It commemorates a former king of Phayao, or</p><br>
<p>Pho Khun Ngam Muang Memorial Pho Kam Yao, who was in power some 700 years ago. During his reign, the state flourished and expanded its territory. It was often said the wherever the King travelled, the weather obeyed his desires.</p><br>
<p>Not far away to the west, there is Wat Si Khom Kham (วัดศรีโคมคำ). A highlight of the temple is the largest Chiang Saen era statue of Thailand. Local people call it “Wat Phrachao Ton Luang” (วัดพระเจ้าตนหลวง). The statue is not only a Phayao province’s signature sight, but also typifies the Lanna Thai Kingdom style. There is a ceremony to pay respect to Phrachao Ton Luang during Visakha Puja Day of every year, which is called “the ceremony to pay respect to Phrachao Ong Luang in the 8th Northern Lunar Month”. Another thing that makes the place interesting is the sculpture garden which contains a collection of statues representing heaven and hell.</p><br>
<p>Further east on the lake shore, there is a 500-year-old temple called “" in the centre of Kwan Phayao lake. The size is described as 15 metres wide by 35 metres long. The Buddha, Luang Por Sila, has been underwater for over 300 years and yet the face remains intact with no scratches or damage whatsoever. The effect from the war and the flood</p><br>
<p>Wat Tilok Aram made it sunk underwater for a long period. When they had the project to bring the temple back, they bring back Laung Por Sila from Wat Sri U-Mong Kham (วัดศรีอุโมงค์คำ)</p><br>
<p>Slightly away from the shore, there is Wat Phra That Si Chom Thong Woraviharn, which was previously named Wat Phra That Sri Chom Thong. It was located on a mud hill called Doi Chom Thong. The relics, right part of the head of the Buddha, have the size of corn kernels. Wat Phra That Sri Chom Thong is believed to be the temple of the year of rat, by the Lanna people. The base is white smooth colour (similar to the colour of the luff and dried bullet wood). One of the important spots is inside part of the temple, there are paintings showing the goddess and legend of Phra That Si Chom Thong on the wall. The entrance of the temple was filled with</p><br>
<p>Wat Phra That Sri Chom Thong</p><br>
<p>Wat Phra That Sri Chom Thong sacred items as the tradition of Lanna, so females are not allowed to go in. The second important spot is Tripitaka Hall, which is located behind the Buddhist temple. It is the two-floor building for keeping the Tripitaka. The third spot is Phra That Noi, which was assumed to have an age of 300 years. There are lots of sacred items inside, but there are no Buddha’s relics. The last important spot is Phra That Si Chom Thong. It is covered with gold, has a square base, with the width of 4 meters and length of 8 metres. This temple contains the Chom Thong Insight meditation centre. The meditation classes are open to both Thai people and foreigners, and are conducted in Thai and English. The entrance fee is free.</p><br>
<p>Wat Analayo is located directly across Kwan Phayao from the Por Khun Ngam Muang statue on the waterfront. There are many sculptures in traditional Lanna style.</p><br>
<p>Phayao Cultural Exhibition Hall is the place we can reach by walking to the north along the lake for about 10 minutes and it will be on the left side. It displays the fishing techniques along with the fish and lake information. There are also collections of Buddha images and inscriptions from the 13th century onwards. The hall consists of two floors, most of the displays have an English translation.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna and flora</h2><br>
<p>The estimated mass of fishing crop per hectare is approximately 159 kilograms. There are about 50 species of fishes.(striped catfish, black ear catfish, cyprinidae, carp, nile tilapia, common climbing perch, striped snake-head fish, great white sheatfish, whitebait, bagrid cat fishes, cat fish, swamp eel, dace, globe fish, spotted featherback, snake skin gourami, moonlight gourami, siamese rock catfish, minnow, abramine, etc.) Most of the fish are small fishes and it is not enough for the need of people. The number of the fishes of the reproductive age is the smallest number.</p><br>
<p>There are water hyacinth, different types of grass, fishes, duckweed, seaweed, lotus, and the chestnut. The water hyacinth is about one-third of the area of the water in Kwan Phayao. It is of little use, just the place for fishes to live. The grass have different types, for example, Johnson grass (หญ้าปล้อง) and Leucas aspera (หญ้าเค้านก) will be seen in the dry season, where the water decreases. There is a lot in the south part. There is some duckweed, lot of seaweed in the north of the Kwan Phayao, and little amount of chestnut.</p><br>
<p>FMIB 46317 Whitebait.jpegWhitebait</p><br>
<p>Cyprinidae - Barbus plebejus.JPGCyprinidae</p><br>
<p>Water hyacinth.jpgWater hyacinth</p><br>
<p>Lower Seletar Reservoir  is a reservoir located in the northeastern part of Singapore, to the east of Yishun New Town. The reservoir has a surface area of 3.6 km², and a capacity of 9.5 million m³. The mean depth of the reservoir is 2 m, with a maximum depth of 5.5 m. The shoreline length is 14.3 km.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lower Seletar Reservoir was constructed under the Sungei Seletar/Bedok Water Scheme, completed in 1986. The scheme involved the damming of Sungei Seletar to form Lower Seletar Reservoir, the creation of Bedok Reservoir from a former sand quarry and the construction of Bedok Waterworks. Its unique feature was the construction of nine stormwater collection stations to tap the storm runoffs of the surrounding urbanised catchments. Eight of these collection stations are ponds at Yishun, Tampines, Bedok and Yan Kit.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In 2004, Public Utilities Board (PUB) allowed sailing at Lower Seletar Reservoir. This was done in collaboration with the Singapore Sports Council (SSC) and the Seletar Country Club. This is the first time sailing was introduced in local reservoirs. Sports fishing is also carried out at designated areas of the Lower Seletar Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Lower Seletar Reservoir Park</h2><br>
<p>Located on the northern shore of Lower Seletar Reservoir, the Lower Seletar Reservoir Park is largely flat with some undulating terrain that provides a pleasant place for a leisurely stroll or jog. You can find benches along the edge of the reservoir if you prefer to sit back and enjoy the beautiful view of the reservoir. The park, with an area of 3 ha, is equipped with a jetty, shelters, restrooms, and a 1.3 km jogging track. Popular outdoor activities at the park include jogging, birdwatching and fishing. Water sports activities provided by People&#39;s Association Water-Venture outlet (Closed on every Monday and Public Holidays) can be participated by all.</p><br>
<p>The park is accessible from Yishun Avenue 1 and Lentor Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Near the park is the Seletar Teleport.</p><br>
<p>Facilities available include fitness corner, fishing jetty, jogging Path/ Running track and People&#39;s Association Water-Venture.</p><br>
<p>Mount Antero is the highest summit of the southern Sawatch Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The prominent 4,351.4 m fourteener is located in San Isabel National Forest, 19.6 km southwest by south  of the Town of Buena Vista in Chaffee County, Colorado, United States. The mountain is named in honor of Chief Antero of the Uintah band of the Ute people.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain</h2><br>
<p>Mount Antero is prized for its gemstone deposits and has one of the highest concentrations of aquamarine in the country. There are several active private mining claims being exploited on Mount Antero and surrounding peaks.</p><br>
<p>The peak is located due south of the more visually prominent Mount Princeton. Mount Antero is one of the most prominent peaks of the Sawatch Range, rising an impressive 7,200 feet above the town of Salida, Colorado to the southeast. There are two popular climbing routes on Mount Antero. The generally accepted hiking route is from the east starting at the Browns Creek Trailhead and paralleling Little Browns Creek to its upper reaches where it crosses Forest Road 1A, then following the road near to the summit. The other route, which begins near the ghost town of St. Elmo, follows the same forest road from the north up Baldwin Creek. This route has heavy mining and tourist traffic in fair weather during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>The peak was surveyed by the Pike Expedition in 1806. A forest service sign at the Browns Creek trailhead commemorates the expedition camp at the eastern base of the peak.</p><br>
<h2>Historical names</h2><br>
<p>Antero Peak</p><br>
<p>Mount Antero</p><br>
<p>Buffalo Central Terminal is a historic former railroad station in Buffalo, New York. An active station from 1929 to 1979, the 17-story Art Deco style station was designed by architects Fellheimer & Wagner for the New York Central Railroad. After years of abandonment, it is now owned by the non-profit preservation group Central Terminal Restoration Corporation, which is working to restore and re-purpose the complex. The Central Terminal is located in the city of Buffalo&#39;s Broadway/Fillmore district.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>The terminal is located about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from downtown Buffalo, and consists of several structures, some of which are connected, while others were formerly interconnected.</p><br>
<h3>Concourses</h3><br>
<p>The main concourse is 225 feet (69 m) long, 66 feet (21 m) wide, and 58.5 feet (17.8 m) tall (63.5 feet at the domed ends). The concourse included various rental spaces; a restaurant with a dining room, lunch room, and coffee shop; a Western Union telegraph office; and a soda fountain, along with standard station necessities. Off the concourse there is a streetcar lobby and waiting room. Curtiss Street runs directly below the concourse, but has been closed since the late 1980s for safety reasons. The concourse is currently owned by the Central Terminal Restoration Corporation.</p><br>
<p>The train concourse is 450 ft long and includes 14 low-level platforms. Each platform is accessed by a staircase and a ramp. The train concourse is owned by Amtrak, with the land being owned by CSX. In 1982, the bridge which connected the train concourse and passenger platforms from the terminal and main concourse was demolished to allow passage of high freight cars on the Belt Line. The rest of the concourse remains.</p><br>
<h3>Buildings</h3><br>
<p>The office tower is 15 stories, excluding the main floor, and mezzanine. The 271-foot (83 m) building is owned by the Central Terminal Restoration Corporation.</p><br>
<p>The baggage building on Curtiss Street is owned by the Central Terminal Restoration Corporation. It is a five-story building immediately adjacent to the Main Concourse. The mail building along Curtiss Street is owned by the City of Buffalo. It is a two-story building adjacent to the Baggage Building.</p><br>
<p>The Railway Express Agency was the early forerunner of today&#39;s Federal Express and UPS. The building is located behind the Mail Building of the complex and is by far the most decayed building. Trains would pull directly into the building to proceed with the load/unloading of goods. This building is currently owned by the City of Buffalo, which has confirmed plans to demolish it.</p><br>
<h3>Former buildings</h3><br>
<p>Other buildings included a Pullman Company service building, an ice house, and a coach shop, all of which were torn down in 1966 to lower property taxes.</p><br>
<p>The first building built as part of the project was a cogeneration power station that provided heat and electricity to the complex, even during construction. It contained three 28-foot (8.5 m) coal boilers. The building&#39;s smokestack was dismantled in 1966 to save on taxes. The power plant itself lasted up until the mid-1980s, with its exact demise not known.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Planning and construction (1925&ndash;1929)</h3><br>
<p>During the late 19th Century, Buffalo had several railroad stations, and there were calls for a single union station. In 1889, a Union Station was proposed to be built on the site of the future Central Terminal, but it never happened.</p><br>
<p>The New York Central Railroad (NYC) had two stations in Buffalo in the early 20th Century: the Exchange Street Station and the Terrace Station. Both of these downtown stations were old—Exchange Street dated to before the American Civil War—and were plagued with downtown congestion.</p><br>
<p>NYC decided to build the new Buffalo Central Terminal 2.5 mi to the east, in order to relieve both rail and grade crossing congestion and to be more conveniently located for trains not terminating in Buffalo. A roomier area would also ease the transfer of sleeping cars between trains. Furthermore, Buffalo was a quickly growing city at the time, and it was believed that before long Central Terminal&#39;s area would become closer to the center of a sprawing metropolis of 1.5 million people. The city was not so sure, but planning was well underway in 1924, despite the lack of an agreement at the time.</p><br>
<p>NYC finalized its decision to build the terminal in 1925, and site preparation began the following year. NYC President Patrick Crowley hired Alfred T. Fellheimer and Steward Wagner to build the actual station in 1927. The total cost of the project was $14 million. Prior to the building of the station, the site was bounded to the south by the New York Central main line, to the northwest by the NYCs West Shore Railroad, and to the east by the NYCs Junction Railroad. When the station was built, the West Shore was abandoned between the NYC main line and the Junction Railroad, being rerouted via the other two lines and the new station. The former West Shore right-of-way is now Memorial Drive.</p><br>
<p>A grand celebration attended by 2,200 invited guests on June 22, 1929, opened the station. Speakers included Henry Thornton and Frank X. Schwab. Although an eastbound Empire State Express departed the station at 2:10 PM, the train was not a regular one, and was really just ceremonial. The station did not open until the celebration ended at 3:30, and scheduled service began on June 23.</p><br>
<h3>Opening</h3><br>
<p>In the early days, the station was served not only by the owner, but also by the Canadian National Railway, Pennsylvania Railroad, and the Toronto, Hamilton & Buffalo Railway.</p><br>
<p>When the NYC operated the 20th Century Limited, Central Terminal was located approximately 44 miles (71 km) east of the half-way point from New York City to Chicago, and the trains would pass each other near there.</p><br>
<p>Central Terminal was almost always too large throughout its history. Although it started with 200 trains daily, the Great Depression began less than a year after its construction, and the rise in automobile use also hurt passenger levels.</p><br>
<h3>Wartime and decline (1941&ndash;1979)</h3><br>
<p>There was a burst of activity during World War II when the station had a reasonable amount of train traffic for its size. Notable trains making daily calls at the station include the Wolverine, Interstate Express, the Ohio State Limited, the Lake Shore Limited, the 20th Century Limited (engine crew-change stop only), the New England States, the Boston Express, the Empire State Express, The Midnight Special, the Royal Palm, among many others.</p><br>
<p>After the war, the station again entered into decline. NYC offered the terminal for sale in 1956 for one million dollars. A company called Buffprop Enterprises did negotiate a 25-year lease of the terminal in 1959, but it ended the following year. Service to Niagara Falls, New York, ended by 1961.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the continuing decrease in passenger revenues caused NYC to demolish parts of the Terminal complex, including the Pullman service building, coach shop and ice house. In 1968, the NYC merged into Penn Central Transportation (PC). PC operated the terminal until the creation of Amtrak in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The bankrupt PC was absorbed by Conrail in April 1976. On October 22, 1977, Amtrak restored service to Niagara Falls and Toronto via the Maple Leaf. The financially strapped passenger carrier was in no position to rehabilitate Central Terminal, resulting in the reopening of the Buffalo-Exchange Street Station for both the Maple Leaf and Empire Service trains, marginalizing use of the Terminal. Amtrak replaced it in 1979 with Buffalo-Depew station. The last train to use Central Terminal was the westbound Lake Shore Limited, which departed at 4:10 am on October 28.</p><br>
<h3>Ownership by Anthony Fedele (1979&ndash;1986)</h3><br>
<p>The building was sold to Anthony T. Fedele, a local builder, for $75,000 in 1979. Fedele planned a 150-room hotel, offices and restaurants for the terminal complex that would have been called Central Terminal Plaza but could not find investors for the project. Fedele also lived in the building creating an apartment for himself in the tower on the second floor. While the building was under the control of Fedele it was reasonably taken care of.</p><br>
<p>It was during this time that the railroad tenant left. Conrail closed its Terminal general offices in 1980. The Conrail Dispatching Department was the last business to leave the Terminal in 1984. Two interlocking towers, numbered 48 and 49, that serviced the tracks on the property were shut down in 1985.</p><br>
<p>In November 1983, in a sign of things to come the building was in danger of being sold out from under Anthony Fedele when the IRS came looking for back taxes. Fedele made an attempt at settling the debt by paying $10,200 toward the $142,128 due, and agreed to pay $2000 a month until the debt was paid in full. While he owned the building it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 3, 1984.</p><br>
<h3>Telesco ownership (1986&ndash;1997)</h3><br>
<p>In 1986, Anthony Fedele defaulted on his taxes and US Bankruptcy Court Judge John W. Creahan ordered a foreclosure sale. The Buffalo Central Terminal was put up for auction and won by Thomas Telesco, the only bidder, for $100,000. Telesco began the process of selling the architectural artifacts and other items of value from the building. The building was then acquired by Bernie Tuchman and his uncle, Samuel Tuchman.</p><br>
<p>This period was one of great decay for the Terminal. The Terminal&#39;s main buildings were subject to extensive artifact removal. Once a truck was being used to remove ceiling lights when it backed into the famous plaster bison statue in the concourse, smashing it. Artifacts removed and sold included iron railings, signs, lights and mailboxes. Further, the building was not secured, and vandalism was extensive, and even included some arson attempts. It is said that the only thing that saved the building was the fact that demolition would have been too expensive ($12 million).</p><br>
<p>Reacting to complaints and questions from preservationists in Buffalo, the owners responded, "If you think you could do a better job, I&#39;ll sell it to you for a dollar."</p><br>
<h3>Central Terminal Restoration Corp. (1997&ndash;present)</h3><br>
<p>Scott Field of the Preservation Coalition of Erie County bought the building in August 1997 for the purchase price of $1 and assumption of approximately $70,000 in back taxes. Shortly afterward, the Central Terminal Restoration Corporation (CTRC) was formed and currently owns the Concourse, Tower and Baggage Building.</p><br>
<p>The CTRC is a non-profit, volunteer organization whose goal is to preserve the Terminal and help promote it as a viable redevelopment opportunity in the City of Buffalo. The CTRC received money to restore and relight the exterior tower clocks located on the 10th floor, relighting them on October 1, 1999. Also in 1999, a state grant for $1 million was obtained to begin the process of sealing and protecting the complex. The top of the building was re-lit starting on May 11, 2001. In 2003, the building was re-opened for public tours.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the Buffalo Central Terminal is host to approximately forty major fundraising events each year. Work continues to progress and new areas of the building are cleaned up and reopened to the public each year. Since 2003 over 100,000 people have visited the building. This is more than the local Frank Lloyd Wright properties of Western New York have had. The building has been a host to tours, art shows, local political events, train shows, annual Dyngus Day and Oktoberfest, weddings, as well as a temporary art installation by controversial artist Spencer Tunick in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The clock in the center of the concourse, sold by earlier owners, was located in Chicago in 2003. In late 2004, the clock was purchased for $25,000 through fundraising organized by WBEN and a donation from M&T Bank. The clock was on display in the Terminal during the 2005 event season. In the fall of 2005, it was relocated to the lobby of M&T Center in downtown Buffalo, where it remained until spring of 2009. The clock was then moved back to its original location in the Terminal concourse where it will sit permanently on public display.</p><br>
<p>In November 2005, Red Scream Films LLC shot their first feature film Prison of the Psychotic Damned in the Terminal. The low budget film details what happens when a group of dysfunctional ghost-hunters decide to spend a night in the long rumored to be haunted structure. A benefit sneak-peek screening of the film with all proceeds going to the CTRC was held June 23, 2006, at 6pm. The film company returned to the Terminal in August to shoot part of their third feature FrightWorld</p><br>
<p>The paranormal investigators, The Atlantic Paranormal Society (TAPS), visited the terminal for about a week in June 2008 and aired their findings on Ghost Hunters (Episode 417 - "Speaking With the Dead"), September 24, 2008. Footage taken during this investigation shows that, aside from the main concourse, the entire complex is still currently in a state of heavy disrepair. The spin-off show Ghost Hunters Academy visited the terminal for the episode broadcast December 2, 2009. On October 31, 2010 (Halloween), Ghost Hunters aired a live 6-hour broadcast from the station.</p><br>
<p>In October 2017, the World Monuments Fund selected Central Terminal as part of it&#39;s 2018 World Monument Watch List, one of two selections from the United States and one of 25 selections total.</p><br>
<h2>Future</h2><br>
<h3>CTRC Master Plan</h3><br>
<p>Multiple ideas and plans have been proposed for Central Terminal&#39;s future. A master plan was established in 2009 by the CTRC that entailed their vision for the future of the terminal. In 2013 the CTRC announced the reuse plan for the terminal stating "Although much work needs to be done to stabilize and prepare the complex for tenancy and other use, various groups have toured the complex and have expressed interest in becoming anchor tenants or partner developers utilizing a Public/Private Development concept." Remedial measures and repairs, replacements and new technologies are part of the plan for the Center. Roof replacement is currently underway with an Energy Star compliant membrane being laid down and a solar Photovoltaic system being installed in the future. The Terminal is experiencing great in-kind development and services with local businesses and trade unions. Other immediate projects include restoration of the Guastavino Tile in the Main Concourse; Brownfields remediation plan and general utilities and improvements. The CTRC is looking forward to the additional historic restoration and remediation of all masonry and windows along with new systems for HVAC utilizing Green Technologies.</p><br>
<p>Although the project does not rely on it happening, it is the ultimately the CTRC’s hope that, with the reuse of the Terminal, rail traffic will also be forthcoming whether starting with interest in the possible reuse of Buffalo’s legendary Belt Line; local light rail expansion and the future of the Terminal’s reuse as a connector hub for possible high-speed rail. The Central Terminal Restoration Corporation, in cooperation with local, state, and federal government representatives, are working to position the Terminal to be Buffalo&#39;s high-speed rail station as well as the potential return of Amtrak service. Buffalo, New York is part of the Empire Corridor, one of only ten Federally designated high-speed rail corridors in the United States.</p><br>
<h4>Urban Land Institute study</h4><br>
<p>In May, 2017 the CTRC, City of Buffalo and New York State decided to have the Urban Land Institute study the terminal, neighborhood and uses for the Terminal and report their findings in hope of developing a plan. The Urban Land institute is the body responsible for the successful reuse of Buffalos Richardson Olmsted Complex. The groups comprehensive study of the Terminal complex was fast-tracked, with a projected completion by June 30, 2017. The process included a panel of experts who will be in Buffalo for a week to conduct interviews and make a concluding presentation. The panel concluded that a strategy needs to be developed with one of the first steps including creating a development plan for the East Side. ULI also suggested having a master plan for the building which includes breaking down the minimum cost of repairing and stabilizing each part of the former train station. Suggestions for use included having the concourse reopen to the public with a restored restaurant as a year round venue as well as beautifying the green space and creating a park. Looking longer term, 6 to 20 years, their suggestions included enhancing Fillmore Avenue and reusing vacant lots around the area. No suggestions were made for the tower or baggage buildings.</p><br>
<h4>Harry Stinson and Terminal City</h4><br>
<p>In 2016 Toronto based developer Harry Stinson was named by the CTRC as the designated developer for Buffalo’s Central Terminal to re-develop the Terminal complex. Stinson&#39;s proposal included turning the Terminal into a mixed use facility and also included building townhouses in the surrounding neighborhood to create a village like atmosphere with proceeds being invested into terminal restoration. The proposal also offered the possibility of restoring rail services to the terminal.</p><br>
<p>On May 5, 2017, after numerous delays the CTRC cut ties with Stinson in favor of working with the Urban Land Institute on a new redevelopment plan.</p><br>
<h3>Future of Amtrak in Buffalo</h3><br>
<p>In September 2016, the roof of the downtown Exchange Street Amtrak station collapsed. This led to calls for a new train station in Buffalo and a discussion of moving the stop back to the Central Terminal. Congressman Brian Higgins called for a study for a new train station to be done at both Central Terminal and a site at Canalside saying about the terminal "It may not have been possible 15 years ago, but restoration of the Central Terminal is possible in the new Buffalo." "In the enormous scale of that redevelopment project, it may be possible to carve out a small station-within-a-station that would squarely and singularly focus on providing a highly functional train station to meet current and projected needs. This (the Central Terminal) location would allow the restoration of service to Chicago within the city limits, and it certainly merits a meaningful engineering review." Higgins call was later reinforced by Senator Charles Schumer.</p><br>
<p>On October 5, 2016, Congressman Higgins along with Buffalo Common Council Member David Franczyk toured the terminal with Mark A. Lewandowski, president of the CTRC where Higgins came out in support of the station at the terminal as part of a larger redevelopment plan. A public campaign to bring Amtrak back to the Central Terminal was launched complete with a website and social media.</p><br>
<p>A plan to return Amtrak to the Central Terminal could possibly later add a long discussed NFTA Metro Rail extension from Downtown to the Buffalo Niagara International Airport which would include stops at the Central Terminal as well as the Walden Galleria. This would connect the Central Terminal to the airport as well as to the heart of downtown. On April 17, 2017, a 17 member panel including Buffalo mayor Byron Brown approved by a margin of 10-4 approved a downtown replacement close to the existing Exchange Street station over the terminal in a decision seen as controversial. The station site and the Central Terminal have become part of a political debate with candidates running in the upcoming mayoral election against Brown promising a reversal of this decision if elected.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>1925: An increasing need for a new train terminal is being seen in Buffalo. The current terminals were very hard to navigate through and were becoming too old to use. Buffalo was also becoming known as a train city with hundreds of trains going in and out each day.</p><br>
<p>1925: The documents of the Buffalo Central Terminal are signed, allowing the Terminal to be located where it is today.</p><br>
<p>1926: Construction begins, track is laid, and Lindbergh (now Memorial) Drive was created.</p><br>
<p>1927: Construction begins on the 17 story office tower.</p><br>
<p>1928: Steel work is done the entire year, the last rivet was laid in December.</p><br>
<p>June 22, 1929: Grand opening of Terminal, which brought out 2,200 people for the gala. The first train departed at 2:00 p.m. that day.</p><br>
<p>1940s: After a decline in use of trains, the amount of people traveling on trains increases due to World War II.</p><br>
<p>1956: Due to a decrease in train usage, the BCT is put up for sale for $1,000,000, which is about 1/14 of its original cost, and does not sell.</p><br>
<p>1961: The ICC allows the New York Central Railroad to discontinue service between Buffalo and Niagara Falls.</p><br>
<p>1966: The Pullman Service Building, Coach Shop, Ice House, and Power House are demolished to reduce costs.</p><br>
<p>1968: The New York Central Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad merge to form Penn Central, the new owners of the Terminal.</p><br>
<p>1970: Penn Central goes bankrupt.</p><br>
<p>1971: Amtrak created, and used the Terminal as its central Buffalo station.</p><br>
<p>1976: Penn Central RR, Lehigh Valley RR, Erie-Lackawanna RR, and Lehigh & Hudson River RR merge forming Conrail, the new owners of the Terminal.</p><br>
<p>October 28, 1979: Amtrak abandons the Terminal on October 28, for the newer Dick Road station in Depew.</p><br>
<p>1982: Train concourse bridge is demolished so taller freight cars can pass through the station on the "Belt Line".</p><br>
<p>1984: The Terminal is placed on the State and National Registers of Historical Places, therefore it is now unable to be torn down.</p><br>
<p>1985: Tony Fedele requests energy surveys from the NY State Energy Office for the remaining 5 buildings that were part of the Terminal.</p><br>
<p>1986: Fedele goes bankrupt and the Bankruptcy Court and Thomas Telesco wins it for $100,000, being the only bidder.</p><br>
<p>1986-1997: The Terminal faces a period of mostly neglect. The two owners during the period, Telesco and Tuchman pawn off most of the valuable items and vandals who can easily access the building destroy it. Weather also damages it, causing severe water damage to much of the concourse. A few arsons also occur.</p><br>
<p>1990: Complex sold to Bernie Tuchman.</p><br>
<p>1993: The concourse, owned by Amtrak, is leased for heavy equipment storage.</p><br>
<p>1997: The Buffalo Central Terminal Restoration Corporation buys the Terminal for $1, and about $70,000 in back taxes.</p><br>
<p>1999: $1,000,000 of Erie County money was set aside to fix the tower. The clock was re-lit again October 1 of that year.</p><br>
<p>2000: A large snowstorm causes the city to dump loads of snow on the unstable property, and the Central Terminal Restoration Corporation (CTRC) sues the city for $1,000,000. The city decides to cancel the $70,000 the CTRC owes it for back taxes.</p><br>
<p>2003: The removal of 350 tons of debris, repairs, asbestos removal, roof work and the repair of 4000 windows. The Terminal is able to be opened for tours.</p><br>
<p>November 2003: The BCT is put on the Preservation League of New York State’s "Seven to Save" list.</p><br>
<p>2004: BCT turns 75 and has a big celebration. The city gives them $75,000 for rehabilitation of the building.</p><br>
<p>May 2005: The original concourse clock, found for sale on eBay out of Chicago, was (with the help of M&T Bank, WBEN and many Buffalonians) saved, and the CTRC was able to purchase it.</p><br>
<p>2006: The Buffalo Central Terminal has 20,000 visitors, breaking a record, due to Oktoberfest, the Buffalo Brewfest, and the Train Show.</p><br>
<p>2007: CTRC celebrated 10th anniversary as the Dyngus Day celebration comes back to the Terminal.</p><br>
<p>2008: Two large projects are completed: abatement in the restaurant area and concrete work by the entrance.</p><br>
<p>2009: The Buffalo Central Terminal celebrates its 80th Anniversary in June and the Main Concourse Clock returns to the Terminal.</p><br>
<p>2011: Master plan outlining reuse of the complex released to public. CTRC awarded a $306,000 grant from New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation to repair and restore two of the original entryway canopies. A replica Buffalo statue is placed in the Main Concourse. Urban Habitat Project launched to transform a portion of the grounds. First public tours up to the third floor of the tower are held.</p><br>
<p>2012: With help from public donations, the CTRC acquires one of the Terminal&#39;s original light fixtures for $3,000 from a Toronto antique dealer. After raising the $3000, the dealer agrees to donate the fixture to the CTRC.</p><br>
<p>2013: CTRC begins phase 1 of the replacement of the roof over passenger waiting room. Replacement concourse light fixtures are made from the donated original light fixture by Sheet Metal Workers Union 71.</p><br>
<p>2016: Parts of the main concourse including the ticket areas, two union news stands and the main entrance were cosmetically restored by and as part of filming for the movie Marshall.</p><br>
<p>2017: $250,000 dollars in electrical upgrades are secured.</p><br>
<h2>Statuary</h2><br>
<p>Several notable statues have graced the station&#39;s space over the years. The station once had a stuffed American bison in the concourse, belonging to the Buffalo Museum of Science and used to advertise the museum. Passengers (including soldiers bound for World War II) rubbing their hands on the bison caused it to become worn, so it was removed to the Buffalo Museum of Science and replaced with a plaster cast, bronze painted statue. This statue was accidentally destroyed by an owner during abandonment. A bronze recasting from the original molds can be found outside Alumni Arena at the University at Buffalo North Campus. On October 17, 2011 the buffalo in the terminal was replaced by the Central Terminal Restoration Corporation with one made out of fiberglass donated by Mollenberg-Betz, Inc., a Western New York-based mechanical contractor and Niagara Coatings Services, who specializes in various industrial coatings.</p><br>
<p>After the station was closed, the statue called "Progress" was placed on the terminal plaza by Anthony Fedele, who was the owner of the building after it closed down. The statue is said to have been of Madonna and Child. It was ruined when an attempt was made to move the statue to the Griffis Sculpture Park in East Otto, New York.</p><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>The station is featured in the cold open of "Come Home Greta Inger Gruenschaffen," a Route 66 episode from Season 4 that originally aired on December 13, 1963.</p><br>
<p>The station appears in Best Friends. It was shot in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The station appears in Vamping. It was shot in April 1983.</p><br>
<p>The station appears in The Natural. It was shot in August 1983.</p><br>
<p>The station is featured in the September 24, 2008, episode of Ghost Hunters.</p><br>
<p>The station is featured in the December 2, 2009, episode of Ghost Hunters Academy.</p><br>
<p>The station was featured on Ghost Hunters Live Halloween special on October 31, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The station was the setting for the music video "The Frail", produced by Park School Media. The entire video was shot on site.</p><br>
<p>The station is featured in the June 27, 2011, Buffalo episode of Off Limits.</p><br>
<p>The station appear in Battledogs, which was released on April 6, 2013*</p><br>
<p>The station was the setting for the Goo Goo Dolls music video for So Alive.</p><br>
<p>The station appears in Marshall. It was shot in May & June, 2016.</p><br>
<p>Ailuk Atoll  is a coral atoll of 57 islets in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. It is located approximately 72 km north from Wotje. Its total land area is only 5.4 km&sup2, but it encloses a lagoon with an area of 177.45 km&sup2;. The major islets are: Ajelep, Aliej, Ailuk, Alkilwe, Barorkan, Biken, Enejabrok, Enejelar, Kapen and Marib. Most of the islets are on the eastern side of the atoll. The western and southern sides of the atoll have a nearly continuous submerged coral reef, with three main passes that lead into the lagoon: Erappu Channel, Marok Channel and Eneneman Channel on the west side.</p><br>
<p>Ailuk Atoll had a population of 513 in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First recorded sighting of Ailuk Atoll by Europeans was by the Spanish expedition of Miguel López de Legazpi on 10 January 1565. It was charted as Los Placeres (The Pleasures in Spanish). Two of its islets were charted as San Pedro and San Pablo, those being the names of the flagship ("capitana") and the "almiranta" (secondary ship or ship of the Admiral)</p><br>
<p>Ailuk Atoll was claimed by the Empire of Germany along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1884, and the Germans established a trading outpost. After World War I, the island came under the South Pacific Mandate of the Empire of Japan. Following the end of World War II, it came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands until the independence of the Marshall Islands in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Aur Atoll  is a coral atoll of 42 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 5.6 square miles, but it encloses a lagoon with an area of 240 square miles. It is located south of Maloelap Atoll.</p><br>
<p>The population of Aur Atoll was 438 in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Aur Atoll was claimed by the Empire of Germany along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1884. After World War I, the island came under the South Pacific Mandate of the Empire of Japan. Following the end of World War II, Aur came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. It became part of independent Republic of the Marshall Islands in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Ebon Atoll  is a coral atoll of 22 islands in the Pacific Ocean, forming a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its land area is 5.75 km&sup2, and it encloses a deep lagoon with an area of 104 km&sup2;. A winding passage, the Ebon Channel, leads to the lagoon from the southwest edge of the atoll. Ebon Atoll is approximately 155 km south of Jaluit, and it is the southernmost land mass of the Marshall Islands, on the southern extremity of the Ralik Chain. In documents and accounts from the 1800s, it was also known as Boston, Covell&#39;s Group, Fourteen Islands, and Linnez.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ebon Atoll was a center for commercial whaling in the 19th century. The schooner Glencoe had been taken and its crew massacred by Marshallese at Ebon in 1851, one of three vessels attacked in the Marshal Islands in 1851 and 1852. It was claimed by the Empire of Germany along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1884, and the Germans established a trading outpost. After World War I, the island came under the South Pacific Mandate of the Empire of Japan, which had a garrison there late in World War II.</p><br>
<p>At the end of WWII, the island Atoll came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands until the independence of the Marshall Islands in 1986.</p><br>
<p>On January 30, 2014, castaway José Salvador Alvarenga, a Salvadorian national who had been working in Mexico as a fisherman, was found by locals on Ebon after he had pulled his boat ashore at the conclusion a 13-month drifting voyage of 6,700 miles (10,800 kilometers) across the Pacific.</p><br>
<h2>Demography</h2><br>
<p>In the period between 1920 and 1999, different governmental officials have conducted eleven census reports from Ebon, with an average 735 total population. The lowest count were under the Japanese colonial power in 1925, with 552 people, and the highest in 1999 – 20 years after independence — with 902 people. The most recent official census, conducted in 2011, has the total population at 706 people. The same report also notes that Ebon is among the atolls and islands of the Marshalls with a positive net migration rate—even though the population has gone down with 196 people since the 1999 census. It is also curious to note that various German sources claims a significantly higher population—ranging from 1000 to 2000 people—in a 46-year period, 1860-1906. Moreover, in an unpublished interview series with Leonard Mason in 1949-50, Dwight Heine (an Ebon local) tells of a legendary typhoon that swept Ebon sometime in the 1850s. Heine says, “During the typhoon and the civil strife…following the disaster, only one family survived.” The story says that a giant named Labun̄bun̄ was responsible for most of the destruction following the typhoon, and he left Ebon for Kosrae, where he married and had a son he named Telensa. Telensa, himself a big man, returned to Ebon with firearms and smokes. In the meantime, an irooj (chief) from Jaluit named Laukuk had moved to Ebon together with several families from Jaluit and Ailinglaplap. Since then, decedents of those people have owned and supervised the land. Before the typhoon hit, Heine says, the Ebon population numbered several thousands.</p><br>
<p>Today, people permanently inhabit four of the islets on the atoll. The main island, Ebon, houses a medical facility and the council house, and is most numerous in population. Although more densely populated than Ebon, Tōkā has fewer residents. The other two are Enekoion and Enilok. Of the four, Āni-look is the only one without an elementary school, so children usually move to family members on Tōkā during school years. Many people have land rights on other islets, and live there sporadically to work with copra production. Of the islets with the largest production rate are Āne-armej, Kumkumļap and Enienaitok —the islet where the Salvadorian castaway, José Salvador Alvarenga, ended his 13-month-long drift from Mexico on January 30, 2014.</p><br>
<p>Jabat Island  is an island in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 0.6 km&sup2, and has a length of 1.2 km. It is located 12 km from Ailinglapalap Atoll. Unlike most of the other islands in the Marshall Islands, Jabat Island is a rocky island rather than a coral atoll, although it surrounded by fringing shallow water coral reefs that extend for several kilometres beyond the outer reef to the north and south. The population of Jabat Island was 112 in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First recorded sighting of Jabat Island was by the Spanish navigator Alonso de Arellano on 8 January 1565 on board of the patache San Lucas.</p><br>
<p>Jabat Island was claimed by the Empire of Germany along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1884, and the Germans established a trading outpost. After World War I, the island came under the South Pacific Mandate of the Empire of Japan. Following the end of World War II, it came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands until the independence of the Marshall Islands in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Lae Atoll  is a coral atoll of 20 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 1.5 km&sup2, but it encloses a lagoon with an area of 17.7 km&sup2;. It is located approximately 47 km east of Ujae Atoll.</p><br>
<p>The population of Lae Atoll was 319 in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lae Atoll was claimed by the Empire of Germany along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1884, and the Germans established a trading outpost. After World War I, the island came under the South Pacific Mandate of the Empire of Japan. Following the end of World War II, Lae came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. It has been part of the independent Republic of the Marshall Islands since 1986.</p><br>
<p>Likiep Atoll  is a coral atoll of 65 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. It is approximately 55 km northwest of Wotje. Its total land area is only 10.26 km&sup2, but that encloses a deep central lagoon of 424 km&sup2;. Likiep Atoll also possesses the Marshall Islands&#39; highest point, an unnamed knoll 10 m above sea level. The population of Likiep Atoll was 482 in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first sighting recorded by Europeans was by the Spanish expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos in January 1543. On 5 January 1565 its sighting was again recorded by the patache San Lucas commanded by Alonso de Arellano, that being part of the Spanish expedition of Miguel López de Legazpi had by then separated from Legazpi&#39;s fleet. On 12 January 1565 it was Legazpi who arrived to Likiep Atoll and charted them as Los Corrales ("farmyards" in Spanish).</p><br>
<p>In 1877, Likiep Atoll was purchased by Georg Eduard Adolph Capelle, a German trader and partner with whaler Anton Debrum in the trading firm Capelle & Co, which traded extensively in copra and marine products throughout Micronesia. Likiep Atoll was claimed by the Empire of Germany along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1884, and the Germans established a trading outpost. After World War I, the island came under the South Pacific Mandate of the Empire of Japan. Following the end of World War II, it came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands until the independence of the Marshall Islands in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Debrum House (1890), on Likiep Island in the atoll, is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Key islands</h2><br>
<p>Key islands making up Likiep Atoll include:</p><br>
<p>Agony Island</p><br>
<p>Anal Island</p><br>
<p>Etoile Island</p><br>
<p>Tokaen Island</p><br>
<p>Namdrik Atoll or Namorik Atoll  is a coral atoll of two islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 2.8 km&sup2, but it encloses a lagoon with an area of 8.4 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Namdrik Atoll is located approximately 145 km west-southwest of Jaluit, and 117 km northwest of Ebon Atoll. The atoll consists of two large wooded islets. The larger (also called Namorik) wraps around the central lagoon from the southwest to the northeast, while the smaller island closes off the northwest corner of the lagoon. A coral islet stands between them on the reef, with numerous black boulders. The very shallow lagoon is cut off from the sea by the drying coral reef. Boats can cross the reef with difficulty, at high water on the west side of the atoll.</p><br>
<p>Landing near the west side of Namorik Islet can be effected about 90 m south of it. There is no shelter during northeast winds, and it is dangerous with strong southwest winds when there is a heavy sea. There is a fringing reef which extends about 135 m in the vicinity of the landing place. There is a depth of about 1.2 m and there are rocks in places. Two stranded wrecks lie about 90 m off the south shore along the reef line. (Sailing Directions Pub-153)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Namdrik Atoll was claimed by the Empire of Germany along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1884. After World War I, the island came under the South Pacific Mandate of the Empire of Japan. Following the end of World War II, it came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands until the independence of the Marshall Islands in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Namdrik Atoll has a population of approximately 600. It is the smallest inhabited atoll in the Marshall Islands and consists of just two islands, Namdrik and Matemat. There are three churches and one elementary school with approximately 200 students. The school employs about 9 teachers (K-8) and usually has a World Teach volunteer teacher to teach English as a Second Language. The atoll has an airstrip that receives an Air Marshall Islands flight once or twice a fortnight. Namdrik Atoll recently invested in pearl farming in the lagoon and has received a grant from AusAid to buy machinery that turns copra into coconut oil. There is one truck on Namdrik that transports coconuts from around the island to the dock. During WW-II there was fighting up at Kwajalein Atoll. There was no fighting on Namdrik Atoll.</p><br>
<p>Most buildings on Namdrik are powered by solar power, though there are a few generators on-island. A supply boat stops at Namdrik about once every month or two, with the large Field Trip Ships usually stopping three times in a year. Unlike other atolls, ships cannot enter Namdriks lagoon without banking on a reef, unloading ships need to wait ocean side&#39; for small Namdrik boats to travel between ship and shore to load and unload all of the goods.</p><br>
<p>Namdrik Atoll made international headlines in November 2011 when two fishermen from Kiribati turned up alive on the island after drifting for 33 days at sea.</p><br>
<p>The mayor of Namdrik Atoll is Mr. Clarence Luther. The senator for Namdrik Atoll is Mattlan Zackhras.</p><br>
<p>Ujae Atoll  is a coral atoll of 15 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 1.86 km&sup2, but it encloses a lagoon of 185.94 km&sup2;. It is located about 122 km west of Kwajalein Atoll.</p><br>
<p>In folklore, the Marshallese people have long considered the island to be home to timon (demons).</p><br>
<p>In 1998, the population of Ujae Atoll was 448.</p><br>
<p>Its first recorded sighting was by the Spanish expedition of Álvaro de Saavedra on 21 September 1529. Another sighting was reported by the Spanish expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos in January 1543.</p><br>
<p>In 1884, the Empire of Germany claimed Ujae Atoll along with the rest of the Marshall Islands. After World War I, the island came under the South Pacific Mandate of the Empire of Japan. Following the end of World War II, it came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands until the independence of the Marshall Islands in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Utirik Atoll or Utrik Atoll  is a coral atoll of 10 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 0.94 square miles, but it encloses a lagoon with an area of 22.29 square miles. It is located approximately 47 km east of Ujae Atoll.</p><br>
<p>The population of Utirik Atoll is 409; it is one of the northernmost Marshall Islands with permanent habitation.</p><br>
<p>The larger islets are:</p><br>
<p>Utirik (Utrōk)</p><br>
<p>Aon (Aon)</p><br>
<p>Bikrak (Pekrak)</p><br>
<p>Pike (Pike)</p><br>
<p>Āllok (Āllok)</p><br>
<p>Nalap (Ņa-ļap)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Its first recorded sighting was by the Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra on board of the ship Florida on 29 December 1527. Together with Rongelap, Ailinginae and Toke atolls, they were charted as Islas de los Reyes (Islands of the Three Wise Kings in Spanish) due to the proximity of Epiphany. Utirik Atoll was claimed by the Empire of Germany along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1884. After World War I, the island came under the South Pacific Mandate of the Empire of Japan. Following the end of World War II, Utirik came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Utirik was one of four atolls affected by nuclear fallout from Castle Bravo, the largest of the many nuclear weapon tests conducted at Bikini Atoll immediately following World War II. Research is still being done to ascertain the radiation levels, though many scientists agree that there is no harmful effect from the radiation still present. The island has been part of the independent Republic of the Marshall Islands since 1986.</p><br>
<p>Rodopoli  is a suburban town in East Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Dionysos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 9.550 km.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rodopoli is situated in the hills in the northeastern part of the Athens conurbation, at about 400 m elevation. It lies at the northwestern foot of the Penteliko Mountain. It is 1 km south of Stamata, 2 km north of Dionysos and 19 km northeast of Athens city centre. Its built-up area is continuous with those of the neighbouring towns Drosia and Dionysos. Part of Rodopoli has retained its old village character, while its eastern (and higher elevation) part has seen the development of higher quality residential properties.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Vyroneia  is a town located in the municipal unit of Petritsi in the northwestern part of Serres regional unit, Greece. It is situated near the Bulgarian border, on the right bank of the river Strymon, south of the Kerkini mountains, and east of the Lake Kerkini. Vyroneia is 4 km west of Neo Petritsi and 12 km northwest of Sidirokastro. It has a station on the railway line from Thessaloniki to Serres. Vyroneia, then known as Hadji-Beylik, was a military base for the Greek army during the Second Balkan War. Vyroneia had 923 inhabitants at the 2011 census. Near the train station is the National Aquarium of Vyroneia, the second in Greece after Rhodes. The Vyroneia Cultural Society presents every June a cultural event called "Vyroneia".</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Persons</h2><br>
<p>Ioannis Melissanidis</p><br>
<p>Kostas Iosifidis</p><br>
<p>The Chillón River is a river located in western Peru. Its waters are produced by the melting of ice in the glaciers of the Andes, and its mouth is located in the Pacific Ocean coast of the Callao Region. Its volume gets higher during the summer months . The river&#39;s valley is very fertile. It has been inhabited by varying indigenous cultures for more than ten thousand years, as shown by archeological evidence.</p><br>
<p>The 4,000-year-old ruins known as El Paraíso are located 40 kilometres north-east of Lima in the Chillón River Valley. A temple at the site is believed to be about 5,000 years old, if the date is confirmed it would be among the oldest sites in the world, comparable to the ancient city of Caral, a coastal city 200 kilometres to the north.</p><br>
<p>Areopoli , known as "Χειμαύα"  in the regional Maniot tongue, is a town on the Mani Peninsula, Laconia, Greece. The word Areopoli means "city of Ares", the ancient Greek god of war. It was the seat of Oitylo municipality. Areopoli was called Tsimova by the invading Slavs during the 7th century AD. The Greek War of Independence was started at Areopoli on March 17, 1821 by Petros Pierrakos, also known as Petros Mavromichalis, the last bey of Mani. Now Areopoli has grown into a flourishing town. Its tower houses, constructed with field stones, are distinct from the traditional blue and white buildings that characterize many Greek villages.</p><br>
<p>Areopoli is situated near the west coast of the Mani Peninsula, 1.5 km from its port Limeni. It is 20 km southwest of Gytheio. There is lively open air market in the main square each Saturday, with a lot of local producers present.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Koulis Alepis (1903-1986), poet</p><br>
<p>Stylianos Pierrakos (Stylianos Mavromichalis) (1902–1981), former Prime Minister of Greece</p><br>
<p>Gregorios Skalkeas (1928), Chancellor of the University of Central Greece</p><br>
<p>Skoutari  is a village and a community of the municipality of East Mani. Before the 2011 local government reform it was a part of the municipality of Gytheio, of which it was a municipal district. The 2011 census recorded 234 residents in the village and 293 residents in the community. According to local tradition it was founded by refugees from the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Ancient Town</h3><br>
<p>In Mycenaean period of Greece, there was thought to be a town called Vorthona which is now submerged. In Ancient Greece, the town used to be called Asine. The town was under Spartan control. In 218 BC, the inhabtitants of Asine defeated the army of Philip V of Macedon who was besieging the town. During the Roman period it belong to Sparta ever though most of the other towns in the area were part of the Union of Free Laconians.</p><br>
<h3>Modern Town</h3><br>
<p>The modern town of Skoutari was founded in 1453 AD by refugees from the Skoutari district of Constantinople who fled from the Ottomans during the Fall of Constantinople. While the rest of Greece fell to the Ottoman Turks, Mani remained free. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Skoutari became a haven for pirates which rivalled Oitylo. The Ottomans tried to conquer Mani in 1770 and they laid siege to the tower of the Grigorakis clan which was one of the most powerful in Mani and whose base was Skoutari and they blew it up with gunpowder after a three-day siege. The Ottoman army was later defeated in the Battle of Vromopigada in the plain outside Skoutari and repelled from Mani. The Ottomans tried to capture Skoutari again in 1815 but they were defeated and driven back. In 1832, Greece was recognized as an independent state and Skoutari became part of it. During World War II, Greece was invaded by the Germans and Italians who captured Skoutari.</p><br>
<h3>Recent History</h3><br>
<p>Now Skoutari is a peaceful sea town with around 150 residents during summer. Skoutari was struck by a forest fire in the last days of July 2007, it did not consume as much of the area as the 2006 dangerous fires, several firefighters, helicopters and planes battled the fire for days and left some groves and forests in damages.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Skoutari was built on a hill around 50 metres above the sea level. Skoutari is linked by a road linking Cape Tenaro and Gythio encircling the eastern half of the peninsula. Farmlands are in the valleys, the mountains dominate most of the area and forests covers the valley areas especially around the village, the rest of the land are made up of rocks, bushes and grasslands. The Skoutari Bay lies directly to the east and are surrounded by bluffs, rocks and treacherous landscapes.</p><br>
<h3>Nearest places</h3><br>
<p>Kotronas, south</p><br>
<p>Kalyvia, east</p><br>
<h2>Administrative division</h2><br>
<p>The community of Knidi consists of five separate settlements:</p><br>
<p>Parasyros (population 59)</p><br>
<p>Skoutari (population 234)</p><br>
<p>The aforementioned population figures are as of 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Parasyros  is a village of the municipality of East Mani. Before the 2011 local government reform it was a part of the municipality of Gytheio. Parasyros is part of the community of Skoutari. Parasyros is located 2 km west of Skoutari, 9 km east of Areopoli and 13 km southwest of Gytheio.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1770 Parasyros sent men to contribute to the Maniot army in the Battle of Vromopigada. The Maniot army assembled in the mountains behind Parasyros called tria kefalia (Three Heads). In the battle that ensued the Maniot army defeated a much superior Ottoman army. It was part of the municipality Karyoupoli between 1845 and 1912, part of the community Skoutari between 1912 and 1997, and part of the municipality Gytheio between 1997 and 2010. Parasyros was occupied by the Nazis in World War II.</p><br>
<p>Loch Ard  is a body of freshwater in the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park of the Stirling District in Scotland. </p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The name of the loch comes from àird, the Scottish Gaelic word for a promentory, headland, height, ultimately from àrd meaning high. The loch is approximately 4 kilometres long by 2 kilometres wide and runs approximately east-west along a sheltered glen. It is sometimes considered to be the source of the River Forth, although the rivers true source is the confluence of its outflow, the Avondhu River, and Duchray Water. Loch Ard lies downstream of Loch Chon. The loch contains several small islands including Eilean Gorm, Briedach, St. Mallo, which is rumored to have an old chapel dedicated to that saint, and Dundochill, which is the site of Duke Murdochs castle that may have been built by the Duke of Albany. Though one of Scotland&#39;s smaller lochs, it is one of the most picturesque and its sheltered location means it is ideal for kayaking and other water sports.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Queen Elizabeth Forest Park encompasses Loch Ard and the surrounding forest. The waters of Loch Ard are home to both a sailing and rowing club. The villages of Kinlochard, and Milton lie on its shores. The village of Aberfoyle lies 3 kilometres to its east, with the summit of Craigmore behind it, while the mountain of Ben Lomond sits to its west. The northern shores of Loch Ard are dominated by the mountain ridge of Beinn an Fhogharaidh (616 m).</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Loch Ard is surrounded by 16 miles of family friendly mountain bike, walking, and horseback trails. These trails, some with waymarkers, link into a much larger network of forest fire roads, which can take the intrepid rider on 30 km+ circular routes through the Park. The Loch Ard Family Sculpture Trails provide an interactive outdoor experience, with sculptures placed along the trails, interesting seating, and sound posts, among other features.</p><br>
<p>Loch Ard is also home to many different species of wildlife, such as roe deer, barn owls, capercaillie, and various types of plants and insects. The loch welcomes fishermen with a stock of brown trout, pike, and perch.</p><br>
<p>Jeannette Island  is the easternmost island of the De Long Islands archipelago in the East Siberian Sea. Administratively it belongs to the Sakha Republic of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Jeannette is the second smallest island of the De Long group, being only 2 km in length. It has an area of approximately 3.3 km&sup2;. The island surface is mainly covered by a central ice cap and firn. The highest peak of the island is in the middle of the ice cap, reaching a height of 351 m.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Jeannette Island consists of folded Paleozoic graywackes overlain by Cenozoic conglomerates. The graywacke is coarse-grained and contains local lenses of conglomerate. An unconformity separates the Cenozoic conglomerate from the underlying graywacke. The Cenozoic conglomerate contains well-rounded pebbles, cobbles, and boulders of quartz sandstone, quartzite, diorite, andesite-basalts, and altered granite.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was discovered in 1881 by the Jeannette expedition, commanded by Lieutenant Commander George W. DeLong, USN. United States explorer and US Navy Lieutenant Commander George W. DeLong set out in 1879 aboard the Jeannette, hoping to reach Wrangel Island and to discover open seas in the Arctic Ocean near the North Pole. However, the ship entered an ice pack near Herald Island in September 1879 and became trapped. The vessel drifted several hundred miles with the ice, passing north of Wrangel Island. In May 1881 it approached Jeannette Island and Henrietta Island. According to The Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy, for the Year 1882 (pg.16), "A sled party landed, hoisted the national ensign, and took possession in the name of the United States. The excursion, led by George W. Melville, landed on June 2 or 3, constructed a cairn, and placed inside it a record of their visit.</p><br>
<p>During the 1914-15 Imperial Russian Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition led by Boris Vilkitsky, the Vaygach approached Jeannette Island with the intention of mapping Jeannette and Henrietta Islands, but heavy ice blocked the approach. In 1916 the Russian ambassador in London issued an official notice to the effect that the Imperial government considered Henrietta, along with other Arctic islands, integral parts of the Russian Empire. This territorial claim was later maintained by the Soviet Union.</p><br>
<p>Some USA individuals assert American ownership of Jeannette Island, and others of the De Long group, based on the 1881 discovery. However, the United States government has not pursued De Long&#39;s claim to Jeannette Island, and recognizes it as Russian territory.</p><br>
<p>Binevenagh or Benevenagh is a mountain in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It marks the western extent of the Antrim Plateau formed around 60 million years ago by molten lava. The plateau and steep cliffs extend for over 6 miles across the peninsula of Magilligan and dominate the skyline over the villages of Bellarena, Downhill, Castlerock and Benone beach. The area has been classified as both an Area of Special Scientific Interest and as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The total area of the AONB is 138 km².</p><br>
<p>The Bishops Road, named after the Bishop of Derry, extends across the plateau. Notable features include the Mussenden Temple and a cliff top viewing area on the Bishops Road giving good views over Lough Foyle and County Donegal.</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>Gliding - the Ulster Gliding Club uses the slopes for gliders.</p><br>
<p>Hang gliding and Paragliding - the slopes are used for soaring by the Ulster Hang gliding and Paragliding Club (UHPC).</p><br>
<p>Fishing - an artificial lake at the top of the mountain is used for trout fishing.</p><br>
<p>Motorsport - the Coleraine & District Motor Club run the Eagles Rock hillclimbing event during the month of July.</p><br>
<h2>Railway access</h2><br>
<p>The Belfast-Londonderry railway line trains run by Northern Ireland Railways call at Bellarena railway station between Londonderry railway station and Castlerock railway station. Trains continue from Castlerock to Coleraine railway station and other stations to Belfast Central and Belfast Great Victoria Street.</p><br>
<p>Waterloo Village is a restored 19th-century canal town in Byram Township, Sussex County  in northwestern New Jersey, United States. The community was approximately the half-way point in the roughly 102-mile  trip along the Morris Canal, which ran from Jersey City  to Phillipsburg, New Jersey, . Waterloo possessed all the accommodations necessary to service the needs of a canal operation, including an inn, a general store, a church, a blacksmith shop , and a watermill. For canal workers, Waterloo&#39;s geographic location would have been conducive to being an overnight stopover point on the two-day trip between Phillipsburg and Jersey City.</p><br>
<p>It is currently an open-air museum in Allamuchy Mountain State Park. As part of the State Park, it is open to the public from sunrise to sunset. The village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Canal and railroad eras</h2><br>
<p>Although opened in 1831, the Morris Canals traffic volume, which was primarily anthracite coal from Pennsylvania, peaked during the late 1860s, shortly after the end of the American Civil War. Up until that time, the local railroads &mdash; the Lackawanna Railroads Sussex Branch and Morris and Essex Railroad &mdash; had only supplemented the canals operation, rather than competing with it. Both the Sussex Branch and the Morris & Essex Railroad ran within a short distance of the village. After the War, however, the canals traffic began to quickly shift over to the much faster and more reliable railroad. It was expected that during most winters the canal would be frozen solid, and thus impassable during the time when its chief commodity was in greatest demand.</p><br>
<p>As a result, the canal underwent a steady decline, and so did Waterloo Village. Although the canal was not officially abandoned until 1924, rarely did more than one boat a year (to fulfill the conditions of the canal&#39;s charter) run through the canal after 1900. By the time of the Great Depression, Waterloo Village had been abandoned by its original owners.</p><br>
<h2>Unheralded saviors</h2><br>
<p>The village&#39;s location, within a short distance of the Lackawanna Railroad (which had to overcome a steep eastbound grade towards New York near Waterloo, slowing freight trains to a crawl as they labored up the hill to Netcong), made it easy for hobos to jump on and off boxcars.</p><br>
<p>The hobos, as it turned out, found Waterloo and adopted it as a stopping off point on their cross-country journey towards New York. This new purpose for the village wasnt all that different from its original purpose a century earlier. The hobos protected Waterloo Village by occupying it throughout the 1930s and 40s. The original Waterloo railroad station was moved from the station site during the 1940s and became a private residence on USA Route 206 in Mount Olive Township, New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>Rebirth</h2><br>
<p>Percy Leach, as he is known, with his partner Lou Gualandi, spearheaded an effort to preserve the village, starting during the 1960s. Over time, and with volunteer help, the village was slowly restored. (The village would eventually become part of New Jersey&#39;s Allamuchy Mountain State Park.)</p><br>
<p>The Waterloo Foundation for the Arts, a not-for-profit corporation, was established and enabled Leach and Gualandi to raise the funds necessary to not only restore the village, but also to expand its operation to include classical and pop concerts that brought in additional revenue.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1980s, Waterloo had become a regular stop for performing artists and was envisioned as the New Jersey equivalent of Tanglewood, with a proposal that an amphitheater would open and would become the summer home of New York&#39;s Metropolitan Opera.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy, downfall, and closure</h2><br>
<p>Following Gualandis death in 1988, Leach became involved in several controversial projects that brought greater scrutiny upon the Waterloo Foundation for the Arts. The most controversial was the so-called "land swap" that allowed BASF corporation to build a large corporate headquarters on land that had once been part of Allamuchy Mountain State Park. The swap, which was expedited by then New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean, a Leach family friend who had worked as a volunteer at Waterloo during the nascent stages of the villages rebirth in the 1960s, was to pave the way for the aforementioned amphitheater complex, a project that never got past the initial planning stages.</p><br>
<p>The BASF issue, which had aroused considerable opposition, ushered in a period of uncertainty for Waterloo Village and to some degree contributed to Leachs eventual removal. The Waterloo board of directors subsequently brought in a new management team and throughout the mid- to late-1990s tried to rebuild trust in the running of the village. Over this time, the foundation slowly downsized the concerts that were held in association with the village, as some of the earlier rock concerts had drawn nearly 20,000 spectators and had completely overwhelmed the areas limited access roads and caused considerable friction with the surrounding towns.</p><br>
<p>In the period from 2003 to 2006, the Waterloo Foundation for the Arts had received $900,000 from the State of New Jersey for general expenses, along with more than $300,000 since 2000 to cover repairs. As the state showed increasing displeasure with the village&#39;s operation, the $250,000 the group had expected to receive, which would have been used towards the $2 million operating budget for the site, was cut from the 2007 state budget. Waterloo Village was shut down in December 2006, except for the privately owned Waterloo United Methodist Church, which has a small but dedicated congregation and continues to operate as it has for over 150 years. Since 2006, the Village has been open intermittently. For example, in late September, 2008, the concert stage was temporarily opened for the Geraldine R. Dodge Poetry Festival.</p><br>
<h2>Reopening</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in 2014, through a concession agreement with the NJDEP Division of Parks and Forestry, group tours and programs became available at Waterloo Village, Allamuchy Mountain State Park, by reservation with Winakung at Waterloo Inc. Programs at the recreated Lenape Indian Village and historic Village of Waterloo are offered April through November. Winakung at Waterloo Inc. educational programs meet core curriculum standards and are ideal for school trips, scout groups, and summer camp field trips. Winakung at Waterloo Inc. also offers year round outreach programs for schools, libraries, historical societies, Clean Communities and more.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 2014, a 10-year lease (with the option of 10 more) was awarded to Jeffrey Miller Catering (JAM Catering) out of Philadelphia, making them the exclusive caterer for Waterloo Village. JAM has renovated the Meeting House and Pavilion.</p><br>
<p>May 2014 saw the launch of the SMS Italian Festival. This annual Non-Profit event supports the children of St Michael School.</p><br>
<p>The Festival included children & adult rides, games, international food, vendors, beer & wine, entertainment and a fireworks display.</p><br>
<p>In May 2017, the stage was demolished to prepare for future festivals and make way for a new stage to be built on the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Movie set</h2><br>
<p>Much of the principal photography for writer/director Michael Pleckaitis&#39; silent film Silent was done in November and December 2006 at various locations in the village.</p><br>
<p>Bent&#39;s Old Fort is an 1833 fort located in Otero County in southeastern Colorado, United States. A company owned by Charles and William Bent and Ceran St. Vrain built the fort to trade with Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Plains Indians and trappers for buffalo robes. For much of its 16-year history, the fort was the only major white American permanent settlement on the Santa Fe Trail between Missouri and the Mexican settlements. It was destroyed under mysterious circumstances in 1849.</p><br>
<p>The area of the fort was designated a National Historic Site under the National Park Service on June 3, 1960. It was further designated a National Historic Landmark later that year on December 19, 1960.</p><br>
<p>The fort was reconstructed and is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From 1833 to 1849, the fort was a stopping point along the Santa Fe Trail. It was the only permanent settlement not under the jurisdiction and control of Native Americans or Mexicans. The USA Army, explorers, and other travelers stopped at the fort to replenish supplies, such as water and food, and perform needed maintenance to their wagons. The American frontiersman Kit Carson was employed as a hunter by the Bent brothers in 1841, and regularly visited the Fort. Likewise, the explorer John C. Frémont used the Fort as both a staging area and a replenishment junction, for his expeditions. During the Mexican-American War in 1846, the fort became a staging area for Colonel Stephen Watts Kearny&#39;s "Army of the West".</p><br>
<p>Ralph Emerson Twitchell makes the following statement.</p><br>
<p>Bent&#39;s Fort is described as having been a structure built of adobe bricks. It was 180 feet long and 135 feet wide. The walls were 15 feet in height and four feet thick and it was the strongest post at that time west of Ft. Leavenworth. The construction of this fort was commenced in 1828... at a point on the Arkansas somewhere between the present cities of Pueblo and Canyon City, having been disadvantageously located. Four years were required in which to complete the structure. On the northwest and southeast corners were hexagonal bastions, in which were mounted a number of cannon. The walls of the fort served as walls of the rooms, all of which faced inwardly on a court or plaza. The walls were loopholed for musketry, and the entrance was through large wooden gates of very heavy timbers.</p><br>
<h2>Destruction</h2><br>
<p>When the fort was reconstructed in 1976, its authenticity was based on the use of archaeological excavations, paintings and original sketches, diaries and other existing historical data from the period.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The fort was the setting of the early episodes of the CBS western miniseries The Chisholms (1979–1980).</p><br>
<p>In George MacDonald Frasers 1982 novel, Flashman and the Redskins, the anti-hero Flashman is present at the destruction of Bents Fort.</p><br>
<p>Bents Fort is featured briefly in Larry McMurtys 1985 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Lonesome Dove, as well as in the 1989 Emmy Award-winning four-part TV miniseries adapted from the book.</p><br>
<p>Bent’s Fort in the spring of 1834 is a major setting for Terry Johnston’s 1988 novel One-Eyed Dream.</p><br>
<p>Bent&#39;s Fort inspired video game developer Rockstar Games to recreate its likeness in the 2010 game Red Dead Redemption as Fort Mercer in the Rio Bravo region.</p><br>
<p>A restaurant named "The Fort" in Morrison, Colorado near Denver has architecture and decor adapted from Bent&#39;s Old Fort, with motif and cuisine inspired from the region in the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>The Müggelsee, also known as the Großer Müggelsee, is a lake in the eastern suburbs of Berlin, the capital city of Germany. It is the largest of the Berlin lakes by area, with an area of 7.4 km², a length of 4.3 km and a breadth of 2.6 km.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is in the Berlin district of Treptow-Köpenick. The suburbs of Köpenick, Friedrichshagen, Rahnsdorf and a little section of Müggelheim border on the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake itself is 8 m deep at its deepest point. At its south end are hills called the Müggelberge, which are 115 m high; they were formed during the Pleistocene (as a kettle hole, remaining at Weichselian glaciation). On the so-called Kleiner Müggelberg, the much-visited and popular Müggelturm (a tower) was built, the first one in 1889 (destroyed in a fire in 1958), and the current one in 1960/61. The tower offers extensive views over the lake and the forests against the Berlin skyline.</p><br>
<p>The River Spree flows into the lake via the smaller Kleiner Müggelsee, which is only 0.16 km² in area. The Friedrichshagen waterworks on the northern bank of the Müggelsee obtains most of its water from the lake. There are also numerous deep wells located near the banks, and are mainly fed by the bank filtrate and only to a small share by groundwater.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The first uses of the word component "Müggel" are, according to Gerhard Schlimpert in the "Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis", in 1394 as "den Tyns in der Miggel" and in 1487 as "von der Miggelseh". The etymology remains unclear. The traditional derivative from Common Slavonic mogyla="grave, grave hill, earth hill" is rejected by Schlimpert as not durable. A pre-Slavonic, Germanic origin from a Proto-Indo-European root is more probable: migh-, mighla="fog, cloud": compare Dutch miggelen="drizzle" belongs. Analyses say that the word component "heim" in the name was brought around 1750 by settlers from the Palatinate from their homeland Odernheim, according to Schlimpert.</p><br>
<h2>Namesakes</h2><br>
<p>In December 2013, a lake on the Saturnian moon Titan was officially named after Lake Müggelsee by the International Astronomical Union. That lake is composed of liquid methane and ethane, and is located at 84°26N and 203°30W on Titan&#39;s globe.</p><br>
